Lapho i-Arduino IDE iveza iphutha elithi avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp=0x00 (noma resp=0x15) ngenkathi kufakwa ikhodi ku-Arduino Nano, ibhodi lakho cishe alilimele neze. Ezigamekweni eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi ekilasini, ikhompyutha isuke imane izame ukukhuluma nebhodana ku-115,200 baud kanti i-microcontroller yona ibilindele ukuxhumana ku-57,600 baud. Asikho isidingo sokuthenga enye i-hardware; udinga kuphela ukushintsha inketho eyodwa kumenyu eyehlayo ngaphansi kwemenyu ye-Tools.

Isisombululo Semizuzu Emibili: Shintshela ku-Old Bootloader

Ngaphambi kokuhlola izintambo, ukufaka kabusha amadrayiva, noma ukulahla ibhodi emgqonyeni wezinto ezilahlwayo, sebenzisa lesi silungiselelo ku-Arduino IDE:

• Iya kokuthi Tools > Board > Arduino AVR Boards > Arduino Nano.
• Chofoza kokuthi Tools > Processor.
• Shintsha okukhethiwe kusuka ku-ATmega328P ukuya ku-ATmega328P (Old Bootloader).
• Qinisekisa ukuthi imbobo ye-COM efanele ikhethiwe ngaphansi kokuthi Tools > Port, bese ucindezela u-Upload futhi.

Uma i-sketch sihlanganiseka futhi silayisheka kahle, inkinga isixazululekile kuwo wonke lawo mabhodi aseqoqweni elilodwa. Ungamaka lawo mabhodi ngethephu enemibala ukuze abafundi bazi ukuthi iyiphi iphrofayili yesiprosesa okufanele bayikhethe ngezikhathi zokwenza okuwusizo ekilasini.

Kusho Ukuthini Ngempela Ukuthi 'stk500_getsync()'

Iphrothokholi ye-stk500 iyizinga lokuthumela imiyalezo ye-serial elisetshenziswa ama-AVR microcontroller ukufaka amafayela e-binary ehlanganisiwe kwimemori ye-flash. Lapho ucindezela u-Upload ku-Arduino IDE, isofthiwe ihlanganisa ikhodi yakho bese ibiza ithuluzi lomugqa womyalo (command-line utility) elibizwa ngokuthi yi-avrdude.

I-avrdude ithumela i-pulse kulayini we-DTR wesixhumi se-serial ukuze iqale kabusha i-chip ye-ATmega328P. Lapho i-chip iqala kabusha, uhlelo oluncane olufakwe ngaphambilini olubizwa nge-bootloader lusebenza cishe umzuzwana owodwa ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze noma iyiphi i-sketch yomsebenzisi. Ngalowo mzuzwana omfushane, i-bootloader ilalela ezikhonkwaneni zayo ze-serial (RX kanye no-TX) ukuthola isignali yokuvumelanisa evela kukhompyutha: ukulandelana okuthile kwama-byte okusho ukuthi, “Nginamakhodi amasha akho.”

Uma i-avrdude ithumela lelo phekhethi lokuvumelanisa bese ingatholi lutho nhlobo noma ithole imininingwane engacacile esikhundleni se-byte yokuvuma elindelwe, iyayeka bese ibika ukuthi stk500_getsync(): not in sync. Leli phutha akusona isifo sengxenye yangaphakathi; limane liyinkinga yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kokuxhuma (connection timeout).

Kungani Amabhodi e-Nano Angamakhophi Ehlangabezana Nalokhu Kungqubuzana

Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, abakwa-Arduino bavuselela ibhodi elisemthethweni le-Nano. Bafaka i-Optiboot esikhundleni se-bootloader endala ye-ATmega, okuyi-bootloader engasindi exhumana ku-115,200 baud futhi esebenzisa kuphela ama-byte angama-512 ememori ye-flash esikhundleni sama-byte ayizi-2,048. Inketho ejwayelekile ethi “ATmega328P” ku-IDE yabe isivuselelwa ngokushesha ukuze ithumele ku-115,200 baud ukuze ihambisane naleli zinga elisha.

Nokho, iningi lamabhodi e-Nano atholakala kumalebhu amakhompyutha ezikole zaseNingizimu Afrika nasemakhithini e-STEM ngamabhodi enziwe ezinye izinkampani zangaphandle (clones). La mabhodi ngokuvamile akhiwe nge-IC yebhuloho le-USB-to-serial le-CH340 kunama-chip e-FTDI FT232RL noma e-ATmega16U2 asetshenziswa kumabhodi ase-Italy angempela. Abakhiqizi baphesheya bezwe abenza lawa mamojuli abiza kancane baqhubeka nokufaka i-firmware yasekuqaleni ye-ATmegaBOOT ethembekile, elalela kuphela ku-57,600 baud.

Lapho umfundi ekhetha i-ATmega328P, i-IDE izama ukuxhumana ku-115,200 baud. I-bootloader ye-Nano, elalela ku-57,600 baud, ibona amapulse angenayo njengamaphutha okuhlelwa kohlaka (framing errors) noma umsindo ongenangqondo bese yenqaba ukuphendula. Ikhompyutha iyalinda, ingezwa lutho, bese ibika ukuthi resp=0x00.

Ezinye Izimbangela: Iphini 0, Iphini 1, kanye Namandla Kagesi

Uma ukushintsha phakathi kokukhethwa okujwayelekile kanye ne-Old Bootloader kungayisusi inkinga, landela lolu hlu olufushane lokuhlola i-hardware ngaphambi kokucabanga ukuthi i-microcontroller ifile:

• Izingxenye ezixhunywe kuPhini D0 (RX) nakuPhini D1 (TX): Leli iphutha elijwayeleke kakhulu lezinto ezibonakalayo ekilasini eliphithizelayo. Amaphini 0 no-1 ku-Nano axhunywe ngqo kuguquleli lwe-USB-to-serial olusebhodini. Uma umfundi exhume imojuli ye-Bluetooth, i-GPS receiver, inzwa ye-ultrasonic, noma i-LED ephini 0 noma ephini 1, leyo sekhethi yangaphandle izodonsela imigqa ye-serial phezulu noma phansi ngesikhathi sokufaka ikhodi. Nqamula noma yiziphi izintambo ze-jumper ku-D0 no-D1, faka ikhodi ebhodini, bese uzixhuma kabusha kuphela lapho ukulayisha sekuqediwe.
• Amadrayiva ebhuloho le-USB angekho: Amakhompyutha e-Windows awawafaki ngaso sonke isikhathi amadrayiva ama-chip e-CH340 noma e-CP2102 ajwayelekile kuma-Nano ashibhile. Uma imenyu ethi Tools > Port icishiwe ngokuphelele, isistimu yokusebenza ayikwazi nhlobo ukubona isixhumi se-serial. Ukufaka iphakheji yedrayiva ejwayelekile ye-WCH CH341SER kukulungisa unomphela lokhu kuma-trolley e-Windows nasemakhompyutheni ezikole.
• Izintambo ze-USB ezishaja kuphela: Izintambo eziningi ezincane ze-mini-USB ezihambisana nezinto zikagesi ezingabizi ziqukethe kuphela izintambo zamandla amabili kanti azinayo imigqa yedatha ye-D+ kanye ne-D-. Uma ama-LED ku-Nano ekhanya kodwa ingekho imbobo ye-COM evela ku-Device Manager, shintsha intambo usebenzise intambo efakazelwe yokudlulisa idatha.
• Amandla kagesi aphansi e-bus: Lapho umfundi exhuma izingxenye eziningi ezidonsa amandla amaningi (njengama-servo noma amabhodi e-relay) ngqo ephini le-5V le-Nano, imbobo ye-USB ingase yehlise amandla kagesi ngesikhathi sokuxhuma, okuphoqa i-ATmega328P ukuba ingene kumjikelezo oqhubekayo wokuqala kabusha (brown-out reset cycle) lapho i-bootloader ingakwazi ukuzinza khona. Khipha ulayini we-5V ku-breadboard bese uzama ukufaka ikhodi i-microcontroller ihlukile yodwa.

Ukuphatha Kahle Amasethi Axubile Aselebhu

Elebhu yesikole eneziteshi zokusebenza ezingamashumi amane nemigqomo yokwabelana ngezingxenye, ukuxuba amabhodi asemthethweni, amakhophi amadala, kanye namabhodi amasha e-Optiboot kudala ukudideka kothisha abalahlekelwa yimizuzu yokufundisa ngokuxazulula izinkinga zama-microcontroller abukeka efana ncamashí. Unezindlela ezimbili eziwusizo zokwenza lokhu kube lula:

Eyokuqala ukufaka amalebula. Hlela amabhodi akho ngamaqoqo, hlola ukulayisha kokuhlola ebhodini ngalinye, bese umaka wonke amabhodi adinga i-Old Bootloader ngomugqa we-permanent marker noma ithephu enemibala ekhethekile. Fundisa abafundi ukuthi bahlole ibhodi ngaphambi kokuvula i-IDE.

Indlela yesibili ukufaka i-bootloader entsha ye-Optiboot kuwo wonke amabhodi akho asegunjini lokufundela usebenzisa i-In-System Programmer (ISP) noma enye i-Arduino esebenzayo njenge-“Arduino as ISP”. Ukubhala phezu kwe-bootloader endala kwenza wonke amabhodi ahambisane ku-115,200 baud futhi kubuyise ama-kilobyte angu-1.5 ememori yohlelo ku-chip ngayinye. Ezikoleni eziphethe izingxenye okwabelwana ngazo noma ezilungiselela i-hardware yamaqembu emincintiswano, ukuba nenqubo efanayo yokuhlola kuvimbela amahora amaningi okuphazamiseka ekilasini. Uma umnyango wakho udinga usizo lokuhlola izinto zelebhu noma ukuthola amakhithi asegunjini lokufundela afakazelwe nangaguquki, ithimba lethu lisiza izikole ngokuqondile nge-Sheen Robotics School Services.

Iphutha le-stk500_getsync() cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi liyinkinga yokuxhumana kwesofthiwe (software handshake) kunokulimala kwento uqobo lwayo. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isabelomali somnyango uthenga amabhodi amasha esikhundleni samabhodi anenkinga, shintsha imenyu eyehlayo yesiprosesa ibe yi-Old Bootloader futhi ukhiphe izintambo kumaphini edijithali u-0 no-1.