Yimiphi Imifino Abafundi Abangayitshala Baphinde Bayivune Ethemini Eyodwa Yesikole?
Ukuze uhambisane nethemu yesikole yamasonto ayi-10 futhi ugweme ukuvalwa kwezikole ngamaholidi, khetha izitshalo ezivuthwa ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-50: ama-microgreen, o-radish, ulethisi onamahlamvu axegayo (loose-leaf lettuce), nesipinashi esincane.
Abafundi bangavuna ngokuthembekile ama-microgreen (izinsuku eziyi-7–14), o-radish (izinsuku ezingama-21–28), imifino emincane yase-Asia efana ne-bok choy (izinsuku ezingama-30–35), kanye nalethisi onamahlamvu axegayo noma i-butterhead (izinsuku ezingama-35–45) phakathi kwethemu eyodwa yesikole eNingizimu Afrika. Izitshalo zesikhathi eside ezidliwayo njengotamatisi, opelepele abamnandi (sweet peppers), nezaqathe ezivamile zidinga izinsuku ezingama-75 kuya kweziyi-120 kusukela embewini, okusho ukuthi ngokungenakugwenywa zizovuthwa ngesikhathi samaholidi esikole lapho amasango evalwe ngengidi, ukunisela kumile, futhi abafundi besemakhaya.
Izibalo Zethemu Yesikole Yamasonto Ayi-10
Ithemu evamile yezikole zikahulumeni eNingizimu Afrika ithatha phakathi kwamasonto ekhalenda ayi-10 nayi-11. Ephepheni, lokho kubukeka njengezinsuku ezingama-70 kuya kwezingama-75 zokukhula. Egunjini lokufundela, kuseduze kakhulu nezinsuku ezingama-45.
Iviki 1 lidliwa ukuhlelwa kwezikhathi (timetabling), ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto zokubhala, kanye nokulungisa izindaba zokuphatha. Ukutshala kwangempela akuvamile ukwenzeka ngaphambi kweViki 2. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwekhalenda, amaViki 9 neli-10 adliwa ukuhlola, amathayimithebula ezivivinyo, ukumaka, nokuhlanza kokugcina. Lapho insimbi yokugcina ikhala ngoLwesihlanu wokugcina wethemu, isango lesikole livalwa ngengidi amasonto amabili kuya kwamane. Ngaleso sikhathi sokuvalwa, izitshalo ezinganakiwe zibhekana nokuncipha kwengcindezi yamanzi kamasipala, ukucinywa kukagesi (load-shedding) okuthinta amaphampu azisebenzelayo, noma ukunganiselwa nhlobo ngenxa yokungabikho kwabasebenzi besikole phakathi kokushisa kwehlobo noma isithwathwa sasebusika.
Umthetho wezibalo kwezolimo zasegunjini lokufundela ucacile: noma yisiphi isitshalo esingenakusuka embewini eyomile siye epuletini lokudla ngezinsuku ezingama-50 noma ngaphansi sizocebela phansi inhloso yemfundo. Abafundi abasitshalile abasoze basidla.
Kungani Utamatisi, Opelepele, Nezaqathe Kungaphumeleli Egunjini Lokufundela
Lapho amaphrojekthi ezingadi zesikole anezinhloso ezinhle ehluleka, imbangela cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwethemba okweqile kwamaphakethe ezimbewu. Izinhlu zezimbewu (seed catalogues) zikhangisa njalo ngotamatisi, opelepele abamnandi, amaklabishi, nezaqathe ezikoleni ngoba kuwukudla okujwayelekile emakhaya. Akukho nakukodwa kwalokhu okuhambisana nohlelo lwethemu.
- Utamatisi noPelepele: Utamatisi oqhubeka nokukhula (indeterminate tomatoes) udinga izinsuku ezingama-75 kuya kwezingama-90 kusukela ekutshalweni kabusha (transplanting) ukuze nje uveze izithelo zawo zokuqala ezivuthiwe, kanti izithombo zithatha amasonto ama-4 kuya kwayi-6 ethreyini lenkulisa ngaphambi kokuba zitshalwe ngaphandle. Uma utshalwe ngenhlanyelo ngoFebhuwari, isitshalo sikatamatisi sizokhipha izithelo zaso zokuqala eziluhlaza ncamashi lapho abafundi behamba ngamaholidi ka-Ephreli. Lapho bebuya, izithelo zisuke sezibolile, ziwe phansi, noma zibulewe izibungu ezibomvu (red spider mites) nokunganakwa.
- Izaqathe: Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zezaqathe ezincane zikhangisa ngokuthi zivuthwa ngezinsuku ezingama-65, ukuhluma kukodwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14 kuya kwezingama-21 emhlabathini ongalungisiwe, okudinga umswakama obushelelezi wansuku zonke ebusweni bomhlabathi okuyinto amahlelo amagumbi okufundela angavamile ukuyigcina. Ngeviki 10, abafundi basiphula izimpande eziwugqinsi ezisawolintshi ezincanyana ezilingana nezinti zikagesi (matchsticks).
- Amathanga kanye Nezitshalo Zohlobo lwamathanga (Squashes): Lokhu kudinga izinsuku ezingama-90 kuya kweziyi-120 ezingenaso isithwathwa nendawo enkulu yokusabalala emhlabathini. Uma kutshalwe kuThemu 1, kuyashiywa ngo-Ephreli; uma kutshalwe kuThemu 3, kuhlangana nokuvalwa kwezikole ngoZibandlela (December) ngaphambi kokuba kuvuthwe ngokuphelele.
Uhlu Lwezinsuku Ezingaphansi Kwezingama-50: Izitshalo Ezisebenza Ngempela
Ukuze unikeze impumelelo engokwengqondo yokutshala ukudla—lapho abafundi behlanganisa ukutshala, ukunakekela, ukukala, kanye nokudla—kufanele ukhethe izitshalo ezinemijikelezo emifushane yokukhula kwamaqabunga neziqu (vegetative cycles). Ufuna izitshalo ezivunelwa amaqabunga azo, iziqu, noma izimpande ezivuvukile, hhayi izithelo ngokwesayensi yezitshalo (botanical fruits), ngoba isitshalo kufanele sakhe uhlaka oluphelele lwemifino ngaphambi kokuba sicabange ngokuqhakaza izimbali nokuthela izithelo.
| Isitshalo | Izinsuku Kusukela Embewini Kuya Ekuvuneni | Ukuthembeka Egunjini Lokufundela | Inani Lemfundo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ama-microgreen (Radish, Broccoli, Amahlumela kaphesi) | Izinsuku eziyi-7–14 | Cishe ku-100% (ngaphakathi emafasiteleni) | Amanani okuhluma, ukwanda kwesisindo sezinto eziphilayo (biomass), ukuhlola kwemijikelezo eminingi |
| I-Salad Radish (Cherry Belle, French Breakfast) | Izinsuku ezingama-21–28 | Phezulu kakhulu | Ukuthuthuka kwezimpande, ukuhlola kokunciphisa izithombo (thinning trials), ukusabela okusheshayo komsoco |
| I-Baby Bok Choy / Tatsoi | Izinsuku ezingama-30–38 | Phezulu | Ukukalwa kwendawo yobuso be-photosynthesis, ukuhlola kokupheka |
| Ulethisi Onamahlamvu Axegayo (Grand Rapids, Oakleaf) | Izinsuku ezingama-35–45 | Phezulu (ukusika uphinde ukhule) | Ukulandelela ukujuluka kwezitshalo (transpiration), umnotho wokuvuna ngezikhathi ezahlukene |
| Isipinashi Esincane / Swiss Chard (ukuvunwa kwamahlamvu) | Izinsuku ezingama-40–48 | Phezulu | Isidingo senitrogen emhlabathini, ukusika okuvuselelayo |
O-radish bayizinga eliphezulu kakhulu kwi-Natural Sciences (Isayensi Yezemvelo) yeBanga le-4 kuya kwelesi-7. Uhlobo olufana ne-Cherry Belle luhluma emahoreni angama-72 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifudumele. Ngeviki 4 lethemu, abafundi basuke sebekala amaqabunga angempela; ngeviki 5 noma 6, basuke sebewasha futhi bedla izimpande ezicwebile neziconsisa amathe. Uma ukutshala kungaphumeleli ngenxa yokunganiselwa kahle ngempelasonto, usenaso isikhathi sokutshala kabusha bese uqeda ngaphambi kokuphela kwethemu.
Imifino enamahlamvu inikeza enye inzuzo: indlela "yokusika uphinde uvune" (cut-and-come-again). Kunokulinda ukuba kwakheke ikhanda njengoba kwenza ulethisi we-iceberg wezentengiselwano ezinsukwini ezingaphezu kwezingama-70, oletisi abanamahlamvu axegayo bavumela abafundi ukuthi bavune amaqabunga angaphandle kusukela ngoSuku lwama-35 kuya phambili ngenkathi isitshalo siqhubeka nokukhula. Abafundi bangathatha isikhwama semifino bagoduke naso ngeViki 7, esinye ngeViki 8, bese besiphula isitshalo esisele ngeViki 9 ngaphambi kokuba amaholidi afike.
Umhlabathi Uma Uqhathaniswa Ne-Hydroponics Elawulwayo
Emazinkulisa nasezibaleni zezikole zaseNingizimu Afrika, imibhede yenhlabathi engaphandle ithwele izingozi ezinkulu ezifihlekile: izinga elingalingani lomhlabathi ongaphezulu (topsoil), ukoma ngezimpelasonto ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okuhwamuka, kanye nezinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezihlasela izitshalo phakathi kwantambama yangoLwesihlanu nasekuseni ngoMsombuluko. Isiphepho sokushisa sezinsuku ezintathu ngoFebhuwari ngaphandle kokunisela singakhinyabeza umbhede wesipinashi unomphela, sinwebe umjikelezo wezinsuku ezingama-45 ube yizinsuku ezingama-65.
Izindawo ezilawulwayo zokutshala zifinyeza lezi zikhathi ngendlela emangalisayo. Ezinhlelweni ezingabizi kakhulu zangaphakathi noma ezingaphansi kwesiphephelo, ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba njalo nezindawo zezimpande ezivikelekile kunciphisa amaphesenti angama-20 kuya kwangama-30 ezinsukwini ezijwayelekile zokuvuthwa ezisephaketheni lembewu. Ulethisi onamahlamvu axegayo othatha izinsuku ezingama-45 esihlabathini esiguquguqukayo saseNtshonalanga Kapa noma kubumba lwase-Highveld uvamise ukufinyelela esisindweni sokuvunwa ezinsukwini ezingama-32 kuya kwezingama-35 endaweni yokugcina izakhamzimba ezijikelezayo noma ezingajikelezi. Ezikoleni ezihlela amamojuli aqondile obuchwepheshe bokudla noma e-STEM, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlangene zokutshala ze-hydroponic kuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zifinyelela imigomo yazo ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile yekhalenda lesikole, kungakhathaliseki izingqinamba zamanzi kamasipala noma ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu okudlulele.
Uhlelo Oluthembekile Lwethemu Yamasonto Ayi-10
Ukuze uqinisekise impumelelo, yakha ikharikhulamu uhlehla emuva kusukela ekuvuneni kokugcina:
- Iviki 1: Ukulungisa indawo, ukulungisa amathreyi, kanye nokuhlola okuqale ngakho komhlabathi noma kwezakhamzimba.
- Iviki 2 (Umkhawulo Oqinile Wokutshala): Tshala izimbewu zo-radish, imifino enamahlamvu axegayo, nesipinashi esincane. Ukutshala ngemva koLwesihlanu lweViki 2 kuletha ubungozi obungakwazi ukulawulwa.
- Iviki 3: Ukubala ukuhluma, ukuhlelembisa (thinning) izithombo ukuze kube nezikhala ezifanele, kanye nokubhala izilinganiso zokukhula ezincwadini zokusebenzela.
- Iviki 4–6: Isigaba sokukhula ngokushesha kwamaqabunga. Tshala iqoqo elisheshayo lama-microgreen ezinsuku eziyi-10 lapha ukuze ubonise ukuqhathaniswa kwemijikelezo yempilo.
- Iviki 7–8: Ukuvuna kokuqala kokukhetha (amahlamvu angaphandle e-chard nalethisi; ukuvunwa okuphelele ko-radish bokuqala).
- Iviki 9: Ukuvuna kokugcina kwayo yonke into, ukurekhoda idatha yesisindo, ukunambitha noma ukunikela, nokuhlanza uhlelo ngokuphelele.
- Iviki 10: Ukuqedwa kwezivivinyo nokugoqa izindaba zesikole kungekho zitshalo eziphilayo ezisele engozini.
Ngokuhlonipha ikhalenda lethemu kunokulwa nalo, othisha bangaguqula ezolimo zasegunjini lokufundela zisuke ekubeni yithuna elinganakwa langemva kwamaholidi zibe yimpumelelo yesayensi engaphindeka kalula.
