Kutheni i-Arduino Ibonisa u-'stk500_getsync()' kwiiBhodi ze-Nano zaseZikolweni
Le mposiso iphantse ihlale ithetha ukungangqubani kwesantya se-baud (baud rate) ngexesha lokufaka inkqubo. Ukutshintshela useto lweprosesa ku-'ATmega328P (Old Bootloader)' kuyisombulula ngoko nangoko kwiibhodi ezizii-clone.
Xa i-Arduino IDE iveza avrdude: stk500_getsync(): not in sync: resp=0x00 (okanye resp=0x15) ngexesha ufaka ikhowudi kwi-Arduino Nano, ibhodi yakho ayophukanga konke konke. Kwiimeko ezilishumi ezilithoba zaseklasini, ikhompyutha izame nje ukuthetha nebhodi ngesantya esiyi-115,200 baud ngelixa i-microcontroller ibilinde unxibelelwano (handshake) ngesantya esiyi-57,600 baud. Akukho mfuneko yokutshintsha i-hardware; kufuneka utshintshe nje imenyu eyehlayo enye phantsi kwemenyu ethi Tools.
Isilungiso seMizuzu Emibini: Tshintshela kwi-Old Bootloader
Phambi kokuvavanya iintambo, ukufakela kwakhona ii-driver, okanye ukulahla ibhodi emgqomeni wezinto ezilahlwayo, sebenzisa olu seto kwi-Arduino IDE:
- Yiya ku-Tools > Board > Arduino AVR Boards > Arduino Nano.
- Cofa ku-Tools > Processor.
- Tshintsha ukhetho ukusuka ku-ATmega328P luye ku-ATmega328P (Old Bootloader).
- Qinisekisa ukuba i-COM port yakho echanekileyo ikhethiwe phantsi kuka-Tools > Port, uze ucofe u-Upload kwakhona.
Ukuba i-sketch sihlanganiseka (compiles) kwaye sifakeka ngaphandle kwengxaki, le ngxaki isonjululwe kulo lonke elo qela leebhodi. Unako ukuziphawula ezo bhodi ngesiqwengana seteyiphu enemibala ukuze abafundi bazi ukuba yeyiphi iphrofayili yeprosesa emabayikhethe ngamaxesha eeklasi ezizezokwenza.
Yintoni Kanye Ethethwa ngu-'stk500_getsync()'
Iprotocol ye-stk500 ngumgangatho wokuthumela imiyalezo ngokulandelelana (serial messaging standard) osetyenziswa zii-microcontroller ze-AVR ukufaka iifayili zebhinari ezidityanisiweyo kwimemori ye-flash. Xa ucofa u-Upload kwi-Arduino IDE, isoftware idibanisa ikhowudi yakho ize emva koko ibize isixhobo selayini yomyalelo (command-line utility) esibizwa ngokuba yi-avrdude.
I-avrdude ithumela uphawu lombane (pulse) kumgca we-DTR we-serial interface ukuze iqalise phantsi (reset) itshiphu ye-ATmega328P. Xa itshiphu iqalisa phantsi, inkqubo encinci efakwe kwangaphambili ebizwa ngokuba yi-bootloader iyasebenza malunga nomzuzwana omnye phambi kokuba nasiphi na isiketshi somsebenzisi sisebenze. Ngalo mzuzwana umfutshane, i-bootloader iphula-phule kwizikhonkwane zayo ze-serial (RX kunye ne-TX) ilindele uphawu lokungqamanisa oluvela kwikhompyutha: ulandelelwano oluthile lwee-byte oluthi, ngokuyintloko, “Ndinayo ikhowudi entsha elungiselelwe wena.”
Ukuba i-avrdude ithumela elo phekethi lokungqamanisa kwaye ifumane ukuthula tu okanye izinto ezingavakaliyo endaweni yebhayithi yolwaziso (acknowledgement byte) elindelweyo, iyancama ize ichaze ukuba stk500_getsync(): not in sync. Le mposiso ayikuko ukuxilongwa kwecandelo langaphakathi; kukungaphumeleli konxibelelwano ngenxa yexesha eliphelileyo (connection timeout).
Kutheni Iibhodi ezingazii-Clone ze-Nano Zihlupheka Ngesi Sokwahluka
Ekuqaleni kuka-2018, i-Arduino yahlaziya ibhodi esemthethweni ye-Nano. Batshintsha i-bootloader yakudala ye-ATmega bafaka i-Optiboot, eyi-bootloader encinci ngakumbi enxibelelana ngesantya esiyi-115,200 baud kwaye isebenzisa kuphela iibhayithi ezingama-512 zememori ye-flash endaweni yeebhayithi ezingama-2,048. Ingeniso eqhelekileyo ethi “ATmega328P” kwi-IDE yahlaziywa ngokukhawuleza ukuba ithumele ngesantya esiyi-115,200 baud ukuhambelana nalo mgangatho mtsha.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi olukhulu lweebhodi ze-Nano ezifumaneka kwiilebhu zeekhompyutha zezikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika nakwizixhobo ze-STEM ziibhodi ezenziwe ngabanye abavelisi abazimeleyo (third-party). Ezi bhodi zidla ngokwakhelwa kwi-IC yebhulorho ye-USB-to-serial ye-CH340 endaweni yeetshiphu ze-FTDI FT232RL okanye ze-ATmega16U2 ezisetyenziswa kwiibhodi zoqobo zase-Itali. Abavelisi baphesheya kolwandle abavelisa ezi modyuli zinexabiso eliphantsi baqhubeka nokufaka i-firmware yentsusa negqwesileyo ye-ATmegaBOOT, ephulaphula kuphela ngesantya esiyi-57,600 baud.
Xa umfundi ekhetha i-ATmega328P, i-IDE izama ukuthetha ngesantya esiyi-115,200 baud. I-bootloader ye-Nano, ephulaphule ngesantya esiyi-57,600 baud, ithatha iimpawu zombane ezingenayo njengeempazamo zokwakheka (framing errors) okanye ingxolo engenantsingiselo ize yale ukuphendula. Ikhompyutha iyalinda, ingeva nto, ize ichaze ukuba resp=0x00.
| Ukhetho lweProsesa kwi-IDE | I-Bootloader eLindelweyo | Isantya se-Baud soku-Upload | Ibhodi Eqhelekileyo Ehambelanayo |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATmega328P | Optiboot | 115,200 baud | I-Arduino Nano esemthethweni (emva kuka-2018) |
| ATmega328P (Old Bootloader) | ATmegaBOOT | 57,600 baud | Ii-Nano ezizii-clone ezisezantsi zasezikolweni (CH340/FTDI) |
| ATmega168 | I-ATmegaBOOT yakudala | 19,200 baud | Iibhodi ezindala zexabiso eliphantsi ezine-16KB flash |
Ezinye Iizizathu eziNxulumeneyo: IPini 0, iPini 1, kunye naMandla Ombane
Ukuba ukutshintsha phakathi kokhetho oluqhelekileyo kunye nolwe-Old Bootloader akuyicacisi imposiso, landela olu luhlu lufutshane lwezinto ze-hardware phambi kokucinga ukuba i-microcontroller ifile:
- Amacandelo aqhagamshelwe kwiPini D0 (RX) nakwiPini D1 (TX): Le yeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo yomzimba kwigumbi lokufundela eliphithizelayo. Iipini 0 no-1 kwi-Nano ziqhagamshelwe ngqo kwi-converter ye-USB-to-serial ekwibhodi. Ukuba umfundi ufake imodyuli ye-Bluetooth, i-GPS receiver, i-ultrasonic sensor, okanye ne-LED kwipini 0 okanye kwipini 1, eso sekethe sangaphandle sizakutsala imigca ye-serial iye phezulu okanye ezantsi ngexesha lokufaka ikhowudi. Khulula naziphi na iintambo ze-jumper ku-D0 no-D1, faka inkqubo kwibhodi, uze uzidibanise kwakhona kuphela emva kokuba u-upload ugqityiwe.
- Iidrayiva ze-USB bridge ezilahlekileyo: Oomatshini be-Windows abasoloko beza nee-driver zeetshiphu ze-CH340 okanye ze-CP2102 eziqhelekileyo kwii-Nano zexabiso eliphantsi. Ukuba imenyu ethi Tools > Port ingwevu ngokupheleleyo (ayikhetheki), inkqubo yokusebenza ayikwazi kwaphela ukubona i-serial interface. Ukufakela ipakethe eqhelekileyo ye-driver ye-WCH CH341SER kuyisombulula ngokusisigxina le ngxaki kwiikhompyutha ezihambahambayo (trolleys) ze-Windows nakwiikhompyutha zasedesikeni zasezikolweni.
- Iintambo ze-USB zokutshaja kuphela: Iintambo ezininzi ezibhityileyo ze-mini-USB eziza nezixhobo ze-elektroniki ezingabizi ziqulethe kuphela iingcingo ezimbini zombane kwaye zishiya ngaphandle imigca yedatha ye-D+ kunye ne-D-. Ukuba ii-LED ezikwi-Nano ziyakhanya kodwa akukho COM port ivela kwi-Device Manager, tshintsha intambo usebenzise intambo yedatha eqinisekisiweyo.
- Ivoltheji ephantsi ye-bus: Xa umfundi edibanisa amacandelo amaninzi adla umbane omninzi (njengee-servo okanye iibhodi ze-relay) ngqo kwipini ye-5V ye-Nano, i-USB port inokuhla ngevoltheji xa iqhagamshelwa, inyanzele i-ATmega328P kumjikelo oqhubekayo wokuqalisa phantsi ngenxa yokuhla kombane (brown-out reset cycle) apho i-bootloader ingaze izole khona. Khipha ucingo lwe-5V kwi-breadboard uze uzame ukufaka ikhowudi i-microcontroller yodwa.
Ukugcina Iiseti zeeLebhu Ezixubeneyo Zilawuleka
Kwilebhu yesikolo enendawo zokusebenzela ezingamashumi amane kunye nemigqomo ekwabelwana ngayo yezinto, ukuxuba iibhodi ezisemthethweni, iikhloni zangaphambili, kunye neebhodi ezintsha ze-Optiboot kudala ukudideka kootitshala abalahlekelwa yimizuzu yokufundisa besombulula iingxaki kwii-microcontroller ezikhangeleka zifana ncam. Uneendlela ezimbini ezisebenzayo zokwenza oku kube lula:
Eyokuqala kukubeka iilebhile. Lungiselela iibhodi zakho ngokwamaqela, yenza uvavanyo loku-upload kwibhodi nganye, uze uphawule yonke ibhodi efuna i-Old Bootloader ngomgca we-permanent marker okanye iteyiphu enekhowudi yemibala. Fundisa abafundi ukuba bahlole umphandle webhodi phambi kokuvula i-IDE.
Inketho yesibini kukufakela i-bootloader entsha ye-Optiboot kuzo zonke iibhodi zakho zaseklasini usebenzisa i-In-System Programmer (ISP) okanye enye i-Arduino esebenzayo njenge-“Arduino as ISP”. Ukubhala phezu kwe-bootloader endala kulungelelanisa ibhodi nganye ku-115,200 baud kwaye kufumana kwakhona iikhilobhayithi eziyi-1.5 zememori yenkqubo kwitshiphu nganye. Kwizikolo ezilawula iindawo ezabiwayo zamacandelo okanye ezilungiselela i-hardware yamaqela okhuphiswano, ukuba nenkqubo esemgangathweni yokuvavanya kuthintela iiyure zokuphazamiseka kweklasi. Ukuba isebe lakho lifuna uncedo lokuphicotha izixhobo zaselebhu okanye ukufumana iikhithi zaseklasini eziqinisekisiweyo nezithembekileyo, iqela lethu lixhasa izikolo ngokuthe ngqo nge-Sheen Robotics School Services.
Imposiso ye-stk500_getsync() phantse ihlale iyingxaki yonxibelelwano lwesoftware (handshake) endaweni yomonakalo womzimba. Phambi kokuchitha ibhajethi yesebe uthenga ezintsha endaweni yeebhodi ezingasebenzisaniyo, tshintshela imenyu eyehlayo yeprosesa ku-Old Bootloader uze ukhulule iipini zedijithali u-0 no-1.
