Awunakusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziwe ngemichiza eyenziweyo (synthetic chemicals) kwigumbi lokufundela, kwaye akukho mfuneko yakuba wenjenjalo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo yezikolo, iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezivaliweyo, nokuba kufuphi kwabafundi kukhuphela ngaphandle kwangoko ii-pyrethroids, ii-organophosphates, kunye nee-neurotoxins ezihamba egazini lesityalo. Endaweni yoko, ukususa izitshabalalisi ze-hydroponics yegumbi lokufundela kufuna ulandelelwano Lolawulo Oludibeneyo Lwezitshabalalisi (Integrated Pest Management - IPM): bhabhisa izinambuzane ezindala kumakhadi anamathelayo ukunqanda ukuzala, faka ii-nematodes ezizingelayo ezincinci kakhulu kwizinto ezikhulisayo ukuze zizingele imibungu (larvae), sula amagqabi ngesepha ye-potassium exutyiweyo, kwaye utyise izityalo nge-potassium silicate ukwenzela ukutyebisa iindonga zeeseli ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nohlaselo lwexesha elizayo.

Izitshabalalisi Ezintathu Ezihlasela Iinkqubo Zasegumbini Lokufundela

Iinkqubo ze-hydroponics zegumbi lokufundela—nokuba yi-deep water culture (DWC), i-nutrient film technique (NFT), okanye iinqaba ezimileyo eziphezu kweetheyibhile—zisebenza kwiindawo ezivaliweyo, ezifudumeleyo zangaphakathi ezingenazilwanyana zangaphandle zendalo ezizingelayo. Izitshabalalisi ezintathu zezona zibangela phantse lonke uhlaselo olumandla:

• Iingcongconi Ze-Fungus (Iindidi ze-Bradysia): Zimpukane ezincinci ezimnyama ezihamba-hamba ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwiimbiza ezingumnatha (net pots) okanye ezidadayo phezu kwamanzi anezondlo. Ezindala azenzi monakalo ungako ngaphandle kokucaphukisa ootitshala, kodwa imibungu yazo ephantsi komhlaba itya iinwele zeengcambu ezithambileyo kwaye isasaze iintsholongwane ezibolisa iingcambu (njenge-Pythium).
• Ii-Aphid (Intwala zezityalo): Ziintsholongwane ezihlala ziziqhupha eziluhlaza, ezimnyama, okanye ezikhanyayo ezinemizimba ethambileyo ezifunxa incindi phantsi kwamagqabi amatsha nakwiincam ezikhulayo. Zikhupha into encangathi efana nobusi (honeydew) ebangela ukukhula komngundo omnyama ofana nomlebe.
• Amanundu Ezigcawu Anamachokoza Amabini: Zizinambuzane ezincinci ezingabonakaliyo lula zosapho lwezigcawu ezanda kakhulu kumagumbi okufundela awomileyo, anezipholisa-moya okanye ashuselweyo ebusika. Zibangela amachokoza amancinci amthubi ebusweni bamagqabi kwaye zishiya imisonto efana nesilika phezu kweencam ezikhulayo xa inani lazo lisanda ngamandla.

Inyathelo 1: Ukuthintela Ngokwasemzimbeni Kunye Namakhadi Anamathelayo

Izinambuzane ezindala kufuneka zithintelwe phambi kokuba zibeke elinye iqela lamaqanda. Xhoma amakhadi amthubi aqaqambileyo anamathelayo ngasentla ngqo kwamagqabi ezityalo uze ubeke imicu emincinci ethe tyaba phezu kweembiza ezingumnatha okanye amatye odongwe (clay pebbles).

Amakhadi amthubi anamathelayo ayizizo nje izibambisi ezingenzi nto; zizixhobo zokuxilonga. Ukuhlola la makhadi qho ngoMvulo kusasa kuxelela ukuba ingaba ujongene ne-aphid enamaphiko ebhukubhukiswe ngumoya yaza yangena ngefestile evulekileyo okanye ngukuqandusela okutsha kweengcongconi ze-fungus ezivela kwiityhubhu ezifumileyo ze-rockwool. Ukuba ubona iingcongconi zibuthelana kufutshane nesiciko sedama lamanzi, ncamathisela iteyiphu phezu kwemingxuma engavaliweyo, izikhewu zeembiza ezingumnatha, neendawo ezingenisa imibhobho. Ukuba iingcongconi azikwazi ukufikelela kwindawo efumileyo yeengcambu, azikwazi kubeka maqanda.

Inyathelo 2: Ulawulo Lwebhayoloji Kwingingqi Yeengcambu (Ii-Nematodes Eziluncedo)

Ukuba ubona iingcongconi ze-fungus, ingxaki yakho iphantsi kwendebe yomnatha, ayikho emoyeni. Ukubetha iingcongconi ezindala akwenzi nto ukunqanda amakhulu emibungu ecacileyo etafuna izihlunu zeengcambu ngaphakathi kwi-rockwool okanye kudongwe olwandisiweyo.

Eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo nesebenzayo kakhulu yokungenelela kuhlaziyo lweengcongconi ze-fungus esikolweni kukungenisa ii-nematodes eziluncedo ezibulala izinambuzane, ngakumbi i-Steinernema feltiae. Ezi ziimbungu ezingqukuva ezincinci kakhulu zendalo ezondliwa ngomzimba wemibungu yezinambuzane ezisemhlabeni ngaphandle kokwenzakalisa abantu, izilwanyana zasekhaya, izityalo, okanye imisundululu:

• Dibanisa umgubo we-nematode emanzini aqhelekileyo angenaklorin (dechlorinated) akubushushu begumbi ngokwemiyalelo yokuxuba ekwipakethe yomthengisi.
• Gxalisa umphezulu wembiza nganye yomnatha, iplagi ye-rockwool, okanye ikhola ye-coco coir ngqo ngexesha lobumnyama okanye emva kwemini kakhulu, njengoko ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuzonakalisa ngokukhawuleza ii-nematodes.
• Ii-nematodes zingena ngaphakathi kwimibungu yengcongconi, zikhuphe ibhaktiriya esebenzisana nazo etya eso sitshabalalisi ngaphakathi, zizale ngaphakathi kweso sidumbu, zize ziphume zizingele imibungu eseleyo. Kwisithuba seentsuku ezintlanu ukuya kwezisixhenxe, inani lezo ziphantsi komhlaba liyatshabalala.

Inyathelo 3: Ukuhlamba Ngesepha Ekhuselekileyo Ekutyeni Ukususa Izitshabalalisi Zamagqabi

Ii-aphid namanundu ezigcawu ahlala kumagqabi kuneledama lamanzi. Ukuwasusa ngaphandle kwetyhefu eyenziweyo, sebenzisa ukuphazamisa ngokwasemzimbeni kudityaniswe nesepha yokwenene yetyuwa ye-potassium yee-fatty acids (isepha yokubulala izinambuzane yezolimo) okanye isepha engenasivumba ye-pure Castile.

Ungaze usebenzise isepha yezitya yokuthengisa. Iisepha zokuhlamba izitya zineemichiza eyenziweyo yokwenza amagwebu (surfactants), izisusa-mafutha, kunye namavumba enziweyo acwangciselwe ukususa ioli, nto leyo ehluba umaleko wokhuseleko one-wax (cuticle) kumagqabi aphilayo ezityalo ize ibangele ukutsha kwamagqabi phantsi kwezibane zokukhulisa (grow lights).

Inkqubo yenzelwa ngqo ngesandla:

• Khupha izityalo ezihlaselwe kakhulu kwinkqubo uze uzise kwisinki yegumbi lokufundela. Hlamba amaphantsi amagqabi phantsi komjelo othe chu wamanzi etephu adikidiki ukuze ususe uninzi lwee-aphid kunye nemisonto yamanundu ngokomzimba.
• Xuba isepha elulwelo ye-Castile engxengwanga ngomlinganiselo wee-millilitres ezi-5 kwilitha nganye yamanzi kwibhotile yokutshiza.
• Tshiza phantsi kwamagqabi nakwiikona zamagqabi ngokupheleleyo de kuphume amanzi. Isepha isebenza ngokudibana ngqo ngokunyibilikisa umaleko okhuselayo one-wax wezinambuzane ezinemizimba ethambileyo, zibangele ukuba ziphelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni zize ziphelelwe ngumoya. Ayinatyhefu isalayo konke konke xa yomile.
• Linda imizuzu engamashumi amathathu, uze utshize izityalo ngamanzi acocekileyo ukuze uhlambe isepha eseleyo phambi kokuba uzibuyisele phantsi kwezibane zokukhulisa. Phinda oku rhoqo ngeentsuku ezine kangangeeveki ezimbini ukubamba amantshontsho amatsha aqanduseliweyo (nymphs).

Inyathelo 4: Omeleza Isityalo Nge-Potassium Silicate

Xa uhlaselo olwenzekayo selunqandwe, kufuneka utshintshe imeko yendawo ukuze isitshabalalisi esilandelayo singakwazi ukutya ngokulula. Amagqabi athambileyo, akhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo akhuliswe phantsi kwezibane ze-LED ezine-nitrogen eninzi athambile kwaye kulula ukuwagqobhoza.

Faka isongezo se-potassium silicate enyibilikayo kwidama lezondlo zakho ze-hydroponics ngalo lonke ixesha utshintsha amanzi (ngokuqhelekileyo yi-0.5 ukuya kwi-1 ml kwilitha nganye, ilungelelaniswe ngokweleyibhile yomvelisi). I-silicon ifakwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiindonga zeeseli zesityalo njenge-silica eqinileyo (amorphous silica). Oku kwakha umqobo omncinci wokhuseleko ngaphakathi kwizihlunu zamagqabi ogxobha imilomo yezinambuzane ezigqobhozayo ezifana nee-aphid kunye nee-thrip, kucothise kakhulu izinga lazo lokuzala kwaye kunciphise ukungena kweentsholongwane ezibulalayo ezincutsheni zeengcambu.

Ukulawula Imeko Yegumbi Lokufundela

Ukubhadla kwezitshabalalisi ezikolweni kudla ngokubangelwa bubuthathaka bokusingqongileyo obukhethekileyo kwizakhiwo zokufundisa:

Ukuba umisela okanye uphucula indawo yokulima yesikolo sakho, ukukhetha isixhobo esivaliweyo nesakhelwe ngokukodwa igumbi lokufundela njengezo zikwingqokelela yethu ye-hydroponics kuphelisa ezininzi zezi ngxaki ukususela kusuku lokuqala ngokudibanisa imijelo yeengcambu etywiniweyo, iziciko zedama ezilinganayo, kunye neempompo ezizinzileyo ezijikelezisa amanzi ezithintela iipokotho zokufuma ezivulekileyo apho ziqala khona izitshabalalisi.

Awudingi michiza enetyhefu ukuqhuba inkqubo yokulima ecocekileyo nenemveliso kwigumbi lokufundela. Ngokutywina okusisiseko ngokwasemzimbeni, ii-nematodes zebhayoloji kwindawo yeengcambu, kunye neesepha ezikhuselekileyo zokuthinta emagqabini, ungathatha ulawulo lwezitshabalalisi kungekhona njengentlekele eyingozi yebhayoloji, kodwa njengesifundo sebhayoloji esetyenziswayo apho abafundi banokuzilawula ngokukhuselekileyo ngokwabo.