Kwiiprojekthi ze-IoT zasegumbini lokufundela nezolonwabo lwasekhaya, zintathu iirediyo ezisoloko zivela: i-ESP-NOW, i-WiFi eqhelekileyo, kunye ne-LoRa. Impendulo emfutshane ilula. Sebenzisa i-WiFi xa isixhobo sidinga i-intanethi okanye i-app yefowuni. Sebenzisa i-ESP-NOW xa iibhodi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zifuna nje ukuthethisana ngendlela etshiphu nekhawulezayo. Sebenzisa i-LoRa xa i-sensor ikude ngamakhulu eemitha okanye ngeekhilomitha kuyo nantoni na. Okuseleyo kweli nqaku kuthetha ngezinto ekufuneka uzincame ngasemva kwaloo mpendulo imfutshane, nangoko kufuneka ukwenze xa kungekho rediyo inye ilungeleyo.

I-WiFi: xa udinga i-intanethi

I-WiFi yeyona rediyo abaninzi sele beyazi. Iyazibandakanya ne-router okanye ne-hotspot, ifumane idilesi ye-IP, ize emva koko ikwazi ukufikelela kwi-intanethi ebanzi: ideshbhodi yelifu, i-MQTT broker, i-REST API, okanye i-app yefowuni ekuthungelwano olunye. Ibhodi ye-sheenbot∞ esetyenziswa ngabafundi eklasini ithetha i-WiFi kwangoko nje ukuyikhupha ebhokisini, yiyo loo nto isifundo sokuqala se-IoT “esiyinyani” sidla ngokuthetha ukuthumela inani elifundwe yi-sensor liye kwiskrini kwenye indawo.

Iindleko ngamandla nezakhelo. I-WiFi itsala umbane omninzi kunezinye ezimbini, ngoko ke ayilungelanga into ekufuneka isebenze iiveki zonke ngebhetri encinci. Ikwaxhomekeke ekubeni i-router isebenza. EMzantsi Afrika loo nto ibalulekile: ngexesha lokucinywa kombane i-router inokuba mnyama iiyure ezimbini ngokulandelelanayo, ize i-sensor esebenzisa i-WiFi kuphela ithi cwaka de umbane ubuye. Umgama nawo awumkhulu, malunga nobubanzi begumbi lokufundela okanye bendlu, ube mncinci ngakumbi xa udlula kwiindonga zekhonkrithi.

I-ESP-NOW: iibhodi ezithetha neebhodi

I-ESP-NOW yiprothokholi elula, engafuni nxibelelwano olumiselweyo, eyakhelwe kwiitshiphusi ezizezinye ze-ESP32 ezenza i-WiFi. Iyayityeshela ngokupheleleyo i-router. Ibhodi enye inokuthumela umyalezo omfutshane ngqo kwidilesi ye-MAC yenye ibhodi, ngokulibaziseka okuncinci kakhulu nangaphandle kwe-IP stack ekufuneka imiselwe. Imithwalo mincinci, malunga neebhayithi ezingama-250 kwipakethe nganye, nto leyo eyaneleyo kwinani lobushushu, ekucofeni iqhosha, okanye kumyalelo we-motor.

Kuba kungekho ndawo yokungena phakathi, i-ESP-NOW iyaqhubeka isebenza xa uthungelwano lwe-WiFi lungasebenzi, kwaye isebenzisa amandla amancinci ngokuphawulekayo kunonxibelelwano olupheleleyo lwe-WiFi, ngakumbi ukuba ibhodi iyalala phakathi kokuthumela. Umgama uphantse ufane nowe-WiFi ngaphakathi endlwini, ube ngcono ngaphandle apho izinto zibonakala ngokuthe ngqo. Ingxaki kukuba i-ESP-NOW ikunika inethiwekhi yabucala yezixhobo zakho kuphela, kungekhona indlela eya kwi-intanethi. Ukuba idatha kufuneka iphume kwelo qela lincinci, kufuneka enye into iyithwale.

I-LoRa: xa i-sensor ikude

I-LoRa incama isantya sedatha ukuze ifumane umgama. Kwibhendi engaphantsi kwe-gigahertz esetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika (868 MHz), unxibelelwano lwe-LoRa lunokuwela ifama okanye ilokishi, ngamanye amaxesha iikhilomitha ezininzi xa indlela icacile, ngelixa lusebenzisa amandla amancinci kakhulu. Loo nto yenza ukuba ibe lolona khetho lulungileyo kwisixhobo esikala ukufuma komhlaba ekupheleni kwentsimi okanye kwi-sensor ekala umgangatho wamanzi kwithanki elisenduneni.

Ixabiso olihlawulayo yi-bandwidth kunye ne-hardware. I-LoRa ihambisa imiyalezo emincinci engenzeki rhoqo, ayihambisi ividiyo okanye i-telemetry ekhawulezayo, kwaye ayakhelwanga kwi-ESP32 eqhelekileyo, ngoko ke wongeza imodyuli ye-LoRa. I-LoRa esuka kwenye indawo isiya kwenye ifuna isamkeli esifanayo; i-LoRaWAN epheleleyo ifuna i-gateway. Kwizakhiwo ezininzi zesikolo nezefama ezincinci, isibini esinye seerediyo ze-LoRa okanye i-gateway enye yanele ukuqalisa.

Iirediyo ezintathu zithelekiswa

Irediyo	Umgama malunga	Ifuna izakhelo?	Amandla	Ilungele okuphi
I-WiFi	Amashumi eemitha	I-router kunye ne-intanethi	Aphakathi ukuya kumaninzi	Iideshbhodi, ii-app, ilifu
I-ESP-NOW	Ifana neye-WiFi, ingcono ngaphandle	Akukho nto	Mancinci	Imiyalezo phakathi kweebhodi
I-LoRa	Amakhulu eemitha ukuya kwiikhilomitha	Imodyuli ye-LoRa, i-gateway kwi-LoRaWAN	Mancinci kakhulu	Ii-sensor ezikude, ezisasazekileyo

Ukudibanisa irediyo nemeko

Egumbini lokufundela, i-WiFi ne-ESP-NOW zigubungela phantse yonke into. Sebenzisa i-WiFi kwisifundo apho amanani abonakala kwideshbhodi ephilayo, uze usebenzise i-ESP-NOW kwiiprojekthi apho iibhodi ezimbalwa zidlulisa imiyalezo phakathi kweedesika, njengomdlalo we-relay okanye ibhodi yamanqaku eyabelwanayo, ngaphandle kokulwela uthungelwano lwesikolo.

Ekhaya, kuxhomekeka ekubeni i-intanethi kufuneka iye phi. I-sensor yesibane okanye yocango etyisa i-app ifuna i-WiFi; iqela leerimothi namaqhosha athetha kuphela nesazulu sasekhaya lonwabile yaye lisebenzisa amandla amancinci kwi-ESP-NOW. Lolu ke uxubo olusemva kwisakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sokuzenzekelayo kwasekhaya.

Efama, umgama nguwo ogqibayo. Ii-sensor ezisasazwe kumadlelo okanye kwimiqolo yendlu yokukhulisa izityalo zidla ngokuba kude kakhulu enye kwenye ukuze i-WiFi isebenze, zibe kude nombane ukuze zihlale zitshajiwe, yaye kanye apho kulapho i-LoRa izuza khona indawo yayo kwiseto lokulima okukrelekrele. Amanani afundwayo asafuna indawo yokuhlala, kwaye kulapho iirediyo ziqala ukuxubana.

Ukuxuba iirediyo ngenowudi yebhulorho

Iiprojekthi ezinzulu ezininzi zisebenzisa ngaphezu kwerediyo enye, zidityaniswe yinowudi yebhulorho: isixhobo esinye esithetha iirediyo ezimbini size sidlulise imiyalezo phakathi kwazo. Ipatheni eqhelekileyo yile: ii-sensor ezisentsimini kwi-LoRa okanye kwi-ESP-NOW zixela kwibhulorho enye, ize yona ibambe unxibelelwano lwe-WiFi olulodwa idlulisele yonke into kwi-broker okanye kwideshbhodi. Ufumana umgama omde okanye amandla amancinci entsimini, nokufikelela kwi-intanethi kwindawo enye, endaweni yokufuna zontathu kwisixhobo ngasinye.

Nantsi into enye ekufanele uyazi kwangoko: i-ESP32 yabelana ngerediyo enye ye-2.4 GHz phakathi kwe-WiFi ne-ESP-NOW, kwaye zombini kufuneka zibe kwitshanele enye. Ukuba uqhagamshela i-WiFi kuqala, abalingane be-ESP-NOW ababelindele itshanele eyahlukileyo bangathi cwaka. Kwibhulorho, cwangcisa itshanele ngabom, okanye wahlule le misebenzi mibini kwiitshiphusi ezimbini. Emva kokuba ibhulorho isebenza, ukuthumela idatha eqokelelweyo kwiqonga elifana ne-sheenIoT yeyona nxalenye ilula.

Indlela ekhawulezayo yokukhetha

• Ifuna i-intanethi, ideshbhodi yelifu, okanye i-app yefowuni? Sebenzisa i-WiFi.
• Iibhodi zakho ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zitshintshiselana imiyalezo emincinci ngokukhawuleza? Sebenzisa i-ESP-NOW.
• I-sensor ikude ngaphezu kwekhulu leemitha kwi-router okanye kumbane osondeleyo? Sebenzisa i-LoRa.
• Isebenza ngebhetri kwaye kufuneka ihlale isebenza iiveki? Tyekela kwi-ESP-NOW enomlalo, okanye kwi-LoRa.
• Ufuna ezininzi kwezi ngaxeshanye? Yakha inowudi yebhulorho.

Isishwankathelo

Akukho rediyo inye ibhetele kunazo zonke; kukho kuphela elona lungelelwano lomgama, uhlahlo-lwabiwo lwamandla, nezakhelo onazo ngokwenene. Qala ngombuzo wokuba idatha kufuneka iye phi nokuba kufuneka ihambe umgama ongakanani, ize ithi ke inkoliso yamaxesha impendulo izivelele. Xa irediyo enye ingakwazi ukwenza konke, inowudi yebhulorho ikuvumela ukuba udibanise amandla azo endaweni yokuncama kancinci kwinye nganye.

Ingaba i-ESP32 enye inokuqhuba i-WiFi ne-ESP-NOW ngaxeshanye?

Ewe, kodwa ngenkathalo. Zabelana ngerediyo enye ye-2.4 GHz kwaye kufuneka zisebenzise itshanele enye, ngoko ke unxibelelwano lwe-WiFi lunokubopha itshanele lunqumle abalingane be-ESP-NOW ababelindele enye. Misela itshanele ngabom, okanye unikezele le misebenzi mibini kwiitshiphusi ezahlukeneyo kwibhulorho.

Ngaba ndifuna i-gateway ye-LoRaWAN ukuze ndisebenzise i-LoRa?

Hayi ngamaxesha onke. Iirediyo ezimbini ze-LoRa zinokuthetha ngqo enye kwenye ngaphandle kwe-gateway, nto leyo elungileyo kwi-sensor enye ekude. I-gateway iba nexabiso xa unee-sensor ezininzi okanye ufuna ukuba zifikelele kuthungelwano oluqhelekileyo, yaye linyathelo elilandelayo elifanelekileyo endaweni yemfuneko yokuqala.