Ingabe i-2G ne-3G Ziyavalwa eNingizimu Afrika? Lokho Okushiwo Yilokhu Nge-IoT Yasezikoleni
INingizimu Afrika isusa kancane kancane amanethiwekhi amadala e-2G ne-3G ukuze isebenzise kabusha ama-spectrum e-4G ne-5G. Nakhu okwenza amamojula adumile e-GSM ka-R100 esezoyeka ukusebenza, nokuthi iyiphi ihadiwe okufanele ithengwe esikhundleni sawo.
Yebo. INingizimu Afrika imatasa ivala amanethiwekhi ayo amadala e-2G ne-3G. Yize uMnyango Wezokuxhumana Nobuchwepheshe Bedijithali (DCDT) kanye ne-ICASA bezibuyekezile izinsuku zokugcina zokuvala zokuqala, indlela ehanjwa ngayo ayihlehliseki: abahlinzeki bamanethiwekhi omakhalekhukhwini (iVodacom, MTN, Telkom) basungula kabusha ama-spectrum amadala emisakazo ka-900 MHz no-2100 MHz ukuze bandise umthamo we-4G ne-5G.
Emalabhorethri amakhompyutha ezikole, eminyangweni yezobunjiniyela emanyuvesi, kanye nakubasunguli (makers), lokhu kuletha umphumela osheshayo osebenzayo: ukuthenga amabhodi ashibhile e-2G GSM breakout namuhla kuwukumosha isabelomali. Amaphrojekthi akhelwe phezu kwehadiwe ye-2G azokwehla ngokwethembeka njengoba iziteshi zikamasipala zokuxhumana zilahla iziteshi zazo, futhi ekugcineni ayoyeka ukusebenza ngokuphelele.
Ugibe Lwehadiwe Eshibhile: Kungani Amabhodi e-SIM800L Egcwele Yonke Indawo
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imojula ebihlale isetshenziswa ye-cellular IoT emakilasini aseNingizimu Afrika bekuyi-SIMCom SIM800L. Ibiza phakathi kuka-R80 no-R150, isebenza nama-microcontroller ajwayelekile e-Arduino nge-UART, futhi ivumela abafundi ukuthi bathumele isexwayiso nge-SMS noma isicelo se-HTTP POST ngemigqa emine kuphela yemiyalo ye-AT.
Abaphakeli bezinsiza zokufunda basalokhu befaka lawa mamojula ngoba ashibhile futhi bafuna ukuwaqeda ezindaweni zokugcina impahla. Nokho, lawa mabhodi asebenza nge-2G kuphela (GSM/GPRS). ITelkom isiyivalile inethiwekhi yayo ye-2G ngokuphelele. IVodacom ne-MTN basagcine imizila emincane ye-2G ikakhulukazi ukuze basekele imishini yakudala yokukhokha (point-of-sale) namamitha kagesi namanzi, kodwa iziteshi ezinomthwalo omkhulu noma ezithuthukiswayo ziqhubeka nokunciphisa imizila ye-2G.
Lapho umfundi ehlola isiteshi sesimo sezulu se-SIM800L ekilasini namuhla, singase sixhume ngesikhathi esithile noma sinqamuke kunethiwekhi ngaphandle kwencazelo. Ngonyaka ozayo, ukuthola isignali kulawo mabhodi kuzoba yinto edumazayo kakhulu.
Yini Okufanele Wakhe Ngayo Esikhundleni Salokho
Ngaphambi kokushintsha imojula eyodwa ye-cellular ufake enye, buza ukuthi kungani abafundi bakho besebenzisa i-cellular kwasekuqaleni. Ezikoleni zaseNingizimu Afrika, i-cellular ivamise ukuba yisixazululo sokubalekela ingqalasizinda yesikole eyonakele noma enemikhawulo:
- I-Wi-Fi ye-WPA2-Enterprise: Ama-microcontroller amaningi ayisisekelo (njenge-ESP8266 ejwayelekile noma ama-Wi-Fi shield e-Arduino ayisisekelo) awakwazi ukungena kumanethiwekhi ezikole asebenzisa amaphrothokholi e-RADIUS amagama abasebenzisi/amaphasiwedi ezinkampani.
- Ama-Firewall Aqinile: Amanethiwekhi omnyango noma wesifunda avamise ukuvimba izimbobo ze-MQTT (1883/8883) noma ama-TCP socket angahlungiwe.
- Ukusetshenziswa Ezindaweni Ezikude: Amaphrojekthi we-IoT yezolimo (ukuqapha imithombo yemigodi yamanzi, ukungenisa komoya emhubheni, umswakama wenhlabathi) ahlala kude kakhulu nebanga le-router yesikole.
Kuye ngokuthi iyiphi inkinga oyixazululayo, kunezindlela ezintathu ezingasetshenziswa ukuqhubekela phambili.
| Ubuchwepheshe | Ukusetshenziswa Okungcono Kakhulu | Ubuhle | Ububi |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESP32 (Wi-Fi / BLE) | Amaphrojekthi Asekilasini Nasesikhungweni Sokuhlola | Ayibizi kakhulu (ingaphansi kuka-R150), isebenza ne-WPA2-Enterprise, inokusekelwa okukhulu komphakathi | Ixhunywe ekufinyeleleni kwenethiwekhi yendawo kuphela; ayisebenzi nhlobo ngaphandle kwenethiwekhi |
| LoRaWAN | Ukuqapha Esikhungweni Nasemapulazini | Azikho izimali eziqhubekayo zamakhadi e-SIM, ifinyelela kude (2–10 km), isebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu | Idinga i-gateway esikhungweni noma inethiwekhi yomphakathi yendawo (The Things Network) |
| LTE-M / NB-IoT / Cat-1 | I-IoT Ezimele Nasekude | Ukutholakala kwenethiwekhi ye-cellular ezweni lonke, ilungele ikusasa, amaphrothokholi asebenzisa amandla kahle | Izindleko eziphezulu zemojula (R350–R800), idinga ukuphathwa kwe-SIM esebenzayo |
I-Cellular Yesimanje: I-NB-IoT, LTE-M, kanye ne-LTE Cat-1
Uma ikharikhulamu yakho idinga ngokucacile ukuxhumana nge-cellular—njengokulandelela ibhaluni eliphakeme kakhulu, ukuqapha amathangi okugcina amanzi enkundleni yezemidlalo engaphandle kwesikole, noma ukufundisa nge-telematics—kufanele ucacise ihadiwe yesimanje ye-LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) noma ye-LTE.
1. I-NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) ne-LTE-M (Cat-M1)
Lawa mazinga asebenza ngaphakathi kwamaza e-4G akhona kakade. Adlulisa idatha encane kakhulu ngamandla aphansi kakhulu, okuvumela izinzwa zasendle ezisebenza ngebhethri ukuthi zisebenze izinyanga eziningi. IVodacom ne-MTN zombili zinezinhlelo ze-NB-IoT ezisebenzayo emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni zezolimo.
Bheka ama-microcontroller noma amamodemu asekelwe kuma-chipset afana ne-SIM7080G, SIM7000G, noma i-Nordic nRF9160. Lawa mabhodi asebenza ngamaza amaningi asekela kokubili i-Cat-M1 ne-NB-IoT emhlabeni jikelele, okuqinisekisa ukuthi okokusebenza kwakho kwaselabhorethri kuhlala kusebenza kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo.
2. I-LTE Cat-1 / Cat-1 bis
Uma iphrojekthi yakho idinga ukudluliswa kwedatha eningi kakhulu—njengokuthumela izithombe zekhamera ngezikhathi ezithile noma idatha yezinzwa esheshayo—amamojula ajwayelekile e-LTE Cat-1 (afana nochungechunge lwe-SIM7600 noma i-A7670) anjengamamodemu e-3G amadala esimanjemanje. Asebenzisa izinyanda zedatha ezijwayelekile ze-4G namakhadi e-SIM akhokhelwa kusengaphambili (prepaid) ajwayelekile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhlelwa okukhethekile kwe-LPWAN APN kubahlinzeki bamanethiwekhi.
Iseluleko Esisebenzayo Sokuthengwa Kwempahla Yezikole
Izabelomali zezikole azikuvumeli ukushintsha izinsiza zehadiwe njalo ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili. Lapho uhlela ukuthuthukisa okokusebenza noma ubhala izincazelo zamathenda ase-lab, sebenzisa le mithetho emithathu:
- Hlola izinsiza ezikhona ngokushesha: Hlola amakhabethe akho e-electronics ukuze ubone amabhodi e-SIM800, SIM900, noma i-SIM5320. Ungachithi isabelomali ulungisa noma wandisa izinsiza ezakhelwe phezu kwalawa ma-chipset.
- Sebenzisa amabhodi ahlangene e-Wi-Fi/Bluetooth kwabaqalayo: Emisebenzini engu-80% ye-IoT yasekilasini, i-microcontroller ye-ESP32 esebenzisa ama-broker e-MQTT endawo noma i-Wi-Fi yesikhungo iletha isipiliyoni sokufunda esingcono kakhulu kunokubhekana nokuthengwa kwe-airtime nokubhaliswa kwama-SIM. Uma isikole sakho sidinga usizo lokuhlola nokuvuselela izincazelo zezinsiza, ithimba lethu lisiza othisha nge-Sheen Robotics Lab Sourcing.
- Qaphela ukuhlelwa kwe-SIM namandla kagesi: Amamojula e-cellular IoT adinga ukwanda kwamandla kagesi ngesikhathi edlulisela idatha (kufika ku-2A burst). Izinsiza zamandla ezishibhile ze-breadboard zizowenza amamodemu e-4G aphelelwe ngamandla. Qinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zakho zifaka ama-capacitor afanele noma ukuphathwa kwamandla kagesi kwe-LiPo okuzinikele.
Ukuvalwa kwe-2G akusona isithiyo ekufundiseni i-IoT; kuwukuhlanza okwakukade kudingeka kwesimo sehadiwe. Ukuyisa abafundi bakho ezinhlelweni zesimanje ezifana ne-ESP32 kanye ne-NB-IoT kubalungiselela amazinga obunjiniyela abazohlangana nawo embonini, kunamaphrothokholi aklanywa ngawo-1990. Ukuze uthole ihadiwe yekilasi ehlelekile nezinketho zekharikhulamu eziklanywe ngokwezindinganiso zokuxhumana zesimanje, hlola i-Sheen IoT modules and kits.
