Izinombolo ezimbili yizo ezinquma ukuthi iphrojekthi yokutshala ngaphandle kwenhlabathi izochuma noma imane ime buthule: i-pH ne-EC. I-pH ikutshela ukuthi isixazululo sezakhamzimba sine-asidi noma yi-alkhali kangakanani; i-EC ikutshela ukuthi zingakanani izakhamzimba ezincibilikile ezisemanzini ngempela. Inkinga ukuthi ama-mitha afunda lezo zinombolo ayaphambuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho ipeni elibukeka linembile lingaba nephutha lizethembile. Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi zisho ukuthini lezi zinombolo, ukuthi kungani ziduka, kanye nenqubo yokulinganisa uthisha omatasa angakwazi ngempela ukuyilandela.

Yini ngempela i-pH eyikalayo

I-pH isuka ku-0 iye ku-14, lapho u-7 engumaphakathi. Ngaphansi kuka-7 kune-asidi, ngaphezu kuka-7 kuyi-alkhali. Kuyisikali se-logarithm, ngakho inombolo ngayinye ephelele iwushintsho lokuphindwe kayishumi: isixazululo esiku-pH 5 sine-asidi ephindwe kayishumi kunesiku-pH 6, ngakho ukuphambuka okuncane kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho izinombolo eziluhlaza ezikubonisayo.

Izitshalo ziyakunaka lokhu ngoba i-pH ilawula ukuthi yiziphi izakhamzimba izimpande zazo ezingazimunca. Iningi lezitshalo ezikhula ngaphandle kwenhlabathi lihlala ewindini elincane, imvamisa cishe ku-pH 5.5 kuya ku-6.5. Uma iphambukela phezulu kakhulu, izinto ezifana nensimbi ziyakhiyeka ngaphandle noma zincibilikile emanzini, okuvela njengamaqabunga amasha aphaphathekile. Isixazululo asisweli izakhamzimba; isitshalo simane singakwazi ukuzifinyelela.

Okushiwo yi-EC, nogibe lwe-ppm

I-EC imele i-electrical conductivity, okungukudlulisa ugesi. Amanzi amsulwa cishe awudluliseli ugesi, kanti usawoti wamaminerali oncibilikile wenza adlulise kakhudlwana, ngakho i-EC iyisikali sokuthi ukudla okunikezwayo kunamandla kangakanani. Ngokuvamile ibikwa nge-millisiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) noma nge-microsiemens ngesentimitha (µS/cm).

Yilapha amakilasi akhubeka khona. Ama-mitha amaningi ashibhile abonisa i-ppm noma i-TDS esikhundleni se-EC ngokuphindaphinda i-EC ngenani lokuguqula, futhi kunenani elingaphezu kwelilodwa elisetshenziswa kabanzi (kuvela u-500 no-700). Ngakho ama-mitha amabili asenkomishini eyodwa angaphikisana ngamakhulu e-ppm kanti womabili abe elungile ngokwenani lawo. Lapho ukwazi khona, sebenzisa i-EC (mS/cm) futhi uphawule ukuthi i-mitha yakho isebenzisa yiphi iyunithi. Umthetho uthi izithombo zidinga isixazululo esibuthakathaka kanti izitshalo esezikhulile ezithelayo zidinga esiqinile.

Iqiniso lokuphambuka

Ama-mitha awahluleki ngomsindo. Ayaphambuka. I-probe ye-pH iyibhalbhu lengilazi elicolekile elinendawo yokuhlangana yereferensi, futhi kokubili kuyaguga. Ingilazi iyoma uma igcinwa kabi kanti indawo yokuhlangana ivaleka kancane kancane, ngakho isibalo siyaduka noma isixazululo singashintshanga. Ama-probe e-EC ayangcola njengoba ungwengwezi lwamaminerali lwakheka kuma-electrode. Izinga lokushisa nalo libalulekile: i-EC iyakhuphuka lapho kufudumele, ngakho i-mitha engenayo i-automatic temperature compensation (ATC) izofunda ngendlela ehlukile ekuseni okubandayo kwasebusika kunasemini efudumele.

Ukucinywa kukagesi kwengeza inkinga yendawo. Uma iphampu ima, isixazululo sihlala sithule futhi singafudumala noma sahlukane ngezingqimba, ngakho hlola kabusha i-EC uma ugesi nokujikeleza sekubuyile kunokuba wethembe isibalo sangaphambi kokucinywa.

Ukugcina ama-mitha ethembekile

Imikhuba emithathu yenza i-mitha yekilasi ithembeke: linganisa ngokweshejuli, sebenzisa uketshezi olusha, futhi ugcine indlela eshibhile yokuhlola kabili iseduze.

Inqubo yokulinganisa ongakwazi ukuyigcina

Ukulinganisa kumane kuwukufundisa i-mitha ukuthi abukeka kanjani amanani aziwayo. Kwenze ngokweshejuli, hhayi kuphela lapho isibalo sibukeka singajwayelekile. Ekilasini elisebenzayo, kanye ngesonto kuyisilinganiso esifanele, kanye nokuhlola okusheshayo ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi isinqumo esikhulu njengokwengeza izakhamzimba.

1. Hlanza i-probe emanzini acwengisisiwe noma awe-RO phakathi kwazo zonke izixazululo. Cinda isihloko sayo ngethishu ehlanzekile; ungalokothi usule ibhalbhu lengilazi, okungalenza libe nemidwebo noma kwakhe ugesi omile.
2. Nge-pH, yenza ukulinganisa okunamaphuzu amabili: qala nge-buffer ye-pH 7.00, bese kuba iphuzu lesibili eduze kobubanzi osebenza kubo (pH 4.00 kokudla okune-asidi). Vumela inombolo izinze ngaphambi kokuba uyamukele.
3. Nge-EC, linganisa ngesixazululo esijwayelekile (u-1413 µS/cm uvamile) njengephuzu elilodwa.
4. Gcina i-probe ye-pH imanzi esixazululweni sayo sokugcina, isivalo sifakiwe. Ungalokothi uyigcine yomile, futhi ungalokothi uyifake emanzini acwengisisiwe, ahluba ibhalbhu.
5. Bhala usuku erekhodini njalo uma ulinganisa, ukuze ikilasi libone ukuthi leyo mitha iphambuka ngokushesha okungakanani.

Isikhathi i-buffer nesixazululo esihlala sisebenza ngaso

Ukwehluleka okuthule kunakho konke kule nqubo uketshezi lokulinganisa olusudlulelwe yisikhathi. Amaphakethe e-buffer avaliwe ahlala isikhathi eside futhi anosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi olunyatheliswe kuwo. Uma ibhodlela selivuliwe, noma uma usuthele i-buffer enkomishini, yiphathe njengento esetshenziswa kanye kuphela: yithele, ulinganise, bese uyilahla. Ungabuyiseli i-probe ebhodleleni eligcinwayo, ngoba lokho kungcolisa lonke uketshezi olukulo. Gcina ama-buffer endaweni epholile nemnyama, futhi ekilasini amaphakethe amancane asetshenziswa kanye alula ukuwaphatha kunebhodlela elilodwa elikhulu wonke umuntu acwilisa kulo. Ukulinganisa nge-buffer endala kufundisa i-mitha impendulo engalungile, ngakho ifunda izethembile kodwa ingalungile.

Amaconsi kuqhathaniswa namapeni: nini okufanele wethembe yikuphi

Ikhithi yokuhlola i-pH engoketshezi, uhlobo lokufaka amaconsi bese uqhathanisa umbala, ishibhile, iqinile futhi ayidingi ukulinganiswa. Ngeke ifinyelele ekunembeni kwepeni elihle, futhi ukufunda umbala kuncike kumuntu, kodwa yenza isipele esihle kakhulu. Uma ipeni likunika isibalo ongasethembi, ukuhlola ngamaconsi kukutshela ngokushesha ukuthi inkinga isepenini noma isesixazululweni. I-EC ayinalo ikhithi lamaconsi elishibhile elifanayo, ngakho ukuze uthole amandla udinga ngempela i-mitha. Empeleni, sebenzisa ipeni ukuthola inombolo osebenza ngayo bese ugcina i-reagent ye-pH ukuze uhlole kabili lapho ipeni libukeka lingathembekile.

Guqula ukuloga kube yisifundo

Ukuhlola i-pH ne-EC kuwukulondoloza, kodwa ukukurekhoda kuwukwazi ukusebenza ngedatha. Yenza abafundi barekhode i-pH, i-EC nezinga lokushisa lesixazululo ngesikhathi esifanayo nsuku zonke, bese bedweba umkhuba ovelayo bewuqhathanisa nokuthi izitshalo zibukeka kanjani. Amaphethini avela ngokushesha: i-EC ikhuphuka kancane njengoba amanzi ehwamuka, noma amaqabunga aphaphathekile alandela izinsuku ezimbalwa ze-pH ephakeme. Leyo yidathasethi yangempela ikilasi eliyiqoqe ngokwalo.

Abafundi abadala bangenza izibalo zizenzakalele. Ibhodi le-sheenbot∞ lingathatha okufakwa yinzwa bese liyirekhoda ngokweshejuli, okuguqula umsebenzi wansuku zonke ube yiphrojekthi encane yokubhala ikhodi futhi kukhulule ikilasi lihlaziye esikhundleni sokuloba nje. Uma ungathanda ukukubona ngezandla, njengoba amaholide esikole kaJulayi eseduze, i-academy yethu yaseKapa iqhuba ama-workshop amaholide lapho abafundi bakha khona balinganise, kanti ikilasi lokuzama yindlela engabophezeli kakhulu yokuqala ukukuzama.

Umyalezo osemqoka

I-pH ne-EC yimiqondo elula esongwe ngamathuluzi akhethayo. Izinombolo uqobo zilula: i-pH iyi-asidi, i-EC ingamandla. Umsebenzi ukugcina ama-mitha ethembekile ngokulinganisa kwamasonto onke, nge-buffer entsha, ngokugcina okufanele nangerekhodi elibhaliwe. Yenza lokho bese izibalo ziba yinto ongenza ngayo isinqumo esikhundleni sokuyingabaza. Ukuze uthole eminye imihlahlandlela yokutshala nezinzwa ekilasini, funda konke okunye esikubhalile.

Kufanele ngiyilinganise kangaki i-mitha ye-pH yesikole?

Uma abafundi beyisebenzisa cishe zonke izinsuku, kanye ngesonto kuyisisekelo esihle, kanye nokuhlola okusheshayo kwephuzu elilodwa ngaphambi kwanoma yiluphi ushintsho olukhulu lwezakhamzimba. Uma i-mitha ihlale amasonto ambalwa ingasetshenziswa, yilinganise ngaphambi kokuba uphinde uyethembe.

Kungani ama-mitha ami amabili ebonisa izinombolo ezehlukene ze-EC noma ze-ppm?

Cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kungenxa yokuthi asebenzisa amanani okuguqula ahlukene phakathi kwe-EC ne-ppm/TDS (ngokuvamile u-500 kuqhathaniswa no-700), noma elinye libonisa i-EC kanti elinye libonisa i-ppm. Sebenzisa i-EC (mS/cm) lapho kungenzeka futhi uphawule iyunithi ye-mitha ngayinye ukuze izibalo zihlale ziqhathaniseka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngingayigcina i-probe ye-pH emanzini ompompi noma acwengisisiwe?

Cha. Amanzi acwengisisiwe ahluba ama-ion ebhalbhini lengilazi futhi anciphise impilo yalo, kanti amanzi ompompi ayalingcolisa. Gcina i-probe esixazululweni sokugcina esifanele, isivalo sifakiwe. Uma usuxinekile, i-buffer ye-pH 4.00 ingcono kunamanzi, kodwa ayiyona indawo yesikhathi eside.