Isiqaphi sesitshalo siyisekhethi encane eqapha izinto ezintathu: ukuthi umhlabathi umanzi kangakanani, isitshalo sithola ukukhanya okungakanani, nokuthi umoya ufudumele kangakanani. Lapho isibalo siphuma emkhawulweni obekiwe, siyaxwayisa. Yakha esisodwa bese usuhlanganise ama-sensor e-analog, ukukalibhretha, umqondo wemikhawulo nebhokisi elivikela isimo sezulu kuphrojekthi eyodwa. Lo mhlahlandlela uthatha ukwakhiwa kwasekilasini kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisazodwa kuya kwisiqaphi esisebenzayo, uphethe ngengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu esikoleni saseNingizimu Afrika: ukugcina isitshalo siphila kuwo wonke amaholide.

Senzani ngempela isiqaphi sesitshalo

Susa ibhokisi nekhodi bese umsebenzi ulula. I-microcontroller ifunda inani kuyo yonke i-sensor izikhathi ezimbalwa ngomzuzu, iqhathanise inani ngalinye nomkhawulo owubekile, bese yenza okuthile lapho umkhawulo weqiwa. Ukwenza okuthile kungasho ukukhanyisa i-LED, ukukhalisa umsindo omfushane, ukubonisa umyalezo esikrinini, noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuvula iphampu encane. Konke okunye kuyimininingwane ephezu kwaleyo luphu: funda, qhathanisa, yenza, linda, phinda.

Lezi zimpawu ezintathu ngayinye iphendula umbuzo ohlukile. Umswakama womhlabathi ukutshela ukuthi kufanele unisele yini. Ukukhanya kukutshela ukuthi isitshalo sikuyo yini indawo efanele. Izinga lokushisa likutshela ukuthi igumbi liphephile yini kuso, into ebalulekile ekilasini elishisa bhe ehlobo bese liba makhaza ekuseni ebusika.

Izingxenye ozidingayo

Gcina uhlu lwezingxenye lufushane futhi lushibhile ukuze isethi yekilasi ihlale ithengeka. Udinga into eyodwa yakho konke okungezansi kumfundi ngamunye, noma ngababili emaqenjini asemancane.

• Ibhodi le-microcontroller elinama-input e-analog. Ibhodi le-sheenbot∞ liyakwazi ukuphatha le phrojekthi kalula, futhi umhleli walo wamabhulokhi wenza amakilasi asemancane aqhubeke.
• I-sensor yomswakama womhlabathi. Khetha eye-capacitive; ama-probe ashibhile e-resistive ayagqwala emhlabathini omanzi phakathi namasonto ambalwa.
• I-sensor yokukhanya, njenge-LDR, kanye ne-resistor ukwakha i-voltage divider.
• I-sensor yezinga lokushisa, kungaba i-thermistor ye-analog noma i-sensor encane ye-digital.
• I-breadboard, izintambo zokuxhuma nendlela yokunika ibhodi amandla.
• Okuphumayo kwezexwayiso: i-LED ne-resistor, i-buzzer, noma isikrini sebhodi.

Faka ama-sensor ambalwa okusekela ku-oda; ama-probe yiwona aqala ukufa. Ukubekela cishe amaphesenti ayishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu wentengo yekhithi ukuze kuthengwe okusekelayo kukuvikela ekugijimeni phakathi netemu. Amakhithi agcwele nezingxenye ngazinye zitholakala esitolo.

Ukuxhuma izintambo neluphu yokuqala yokuzwa

Xhuma i-sensor eyodwa ngesikhathi bese uyayihlola ngaphambi kokungeza elandelayo. Xhuma amandla ne-ground, uhambise ulayini wesignali ye-sensor uye ku-input ye-analog, bese ubhala iluphu emfushane efunda inani bese iliprinta. Awukafuni izinombolo ezilungile okwamanje, ufuna kuphela izinombolo ezishintshayo lapho ushintsha okwenzeka: cindezela i-probe yomswakama esiponjini esimanzi bese isibalo kufanele sishintshe, mboza i-sensor yokukhanya ngesandla sakho bese kufanele sehle.

Uma i-sensor ngayinye isishintsha ngendlela efanele, printa zontathu ndawonye kulayini owodwa njalo emasekhondini ambalwa. Lo mfudlana wezibalo eziluhlaza uyisisekelo sesinyathelo esilandelayo, futhi yiyona ndawo yokuqala lapho abafundi bebona khona ukuthi i-sensor ayilokothi ibuyise inombolo ecacile, eyindingilizi.

Ukukalibhretha yisona sifundo sesayensi

Isibalo somswakama esiluhlaza asisho lutho sodwa. Ukusiguqula sibe omile noma omanzi yilapho ukufunda kwangempela kukhona, futhi kuwukuhlola kwesayensi kwangempela. Thatha izimo ezimbili ezaziwayo: umhlabathi owome nse nomhlabathi omanzi te. Bhala phansi inani le-sensor kuzo zombili, izikhathi eziningana, bese uthola isilinganiso. Lezo zinombolo ezimbili yizona zinqamu zakho, futhi noma yisiphi isibalo esiphakathi silinganiswa njengephesenti kusuka komile kuya komanzi.

Kwenze lokhu njengophenyo olulawulwayo. Shintsha into eyodwa ngesikhathi, ugcine i-probe ekujuleni okufanayo, futhi ubhale zonke izibalo etafuleni ngaphambi kokuthinta ikhodi. Abafundi bakuqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi lezi zinqamu ziyashintsha phakathi kwezinhlobo zomhlabathi naphakathi kwegumbi elifudumele nelibandayo, okuyiyona nto ebalulekile: ukukalibhretha akwenziwa kanye kuphela, futhi ayikho i-sensor ephelele. Phinda indlela efanayo yamaphuzu amabili nasekukhanyeni, ngokuqhathanisa idrowa elimnyama newindi elikhanyayo, nasezingeni lokushisa ngokuqhathanisa ne-thermometer yasekilasini.

Imikhawulo nomqondo wezexwayiso

Ngezibalo ezikalibhrethiwe ungabeka imikhawulo esho okuthile. Nquma, ngesitshalo ngasinye, iphesenti lomswakama okuthi uma sehla ngaphansi kwalo isitshalo sidinge amanzi, izinga lokukhanya elikhomba indawo engalungile, kanye nebhande lezinga lokushisa okufanele sihlale kulo. Umqondo-ke uba yiqoqo lezinhlolo ezilula:

1. Uma umswakama ungaphansi komkhawulo owomile, khipha isexwayiso sokuthi kuniselwe.
2. Uma ukukhanya kuhlala kungaphansi komkhawulo wakho isikhathi esithile, khomba inkinga yendawo.
3. Uma izinga lokushisa liphuma ebhandeni eliphephile, xwayisa ngokushisa noma ngamakhaza.

Faka umkhawulo omncane owengeziwe, noma i-hysteresis, ukuze isexwayiso singaqhaqhazeli sivula sivala eduze komkhawulo. Isixazululo esivamile ukufuna ukuthi isibalo sihlale sidlulile kulo mugqa ezinhlolweni eziningana ezilandelanayo ngaphambi kokuba isexwayiso sikhale, futhi sisuswe kuphela lapho isibalo sesibuyele kahle. Lo mqondo owodwa uvimba iningi lokucasuka kokukhala ngokungenasizathu.

Ibhokisi lokufaka

Amanzi nama-elekthronikhi awahambisani, ngakho ukwakha akuphelile ngaphambi kokuba konke kufakwe ebhokisini. Gcina ibhodi, ibhethri nazo zonke izintambo ezisobala ebhokisini elivaliwe, bese uvumela kuphela ama-probe e-sensor ukuthi afinyelele lapho ekala khona. Khipha i-probe yomswakama ngezansi eduze komhlabathi, i-sensor yokukhanya ibheke ohlangothini lwewindi, bese ushiya isikhala somoya ukuze ukushisa okuvalelekile kungaphambanisi isibalo sezinga lokushisa. Isivalo esibonisayo sivumela abafundi ukubona i-LED ngaphandle kokuvula lutho, futhi iziqukathi ezisetshenziswa kabusha zisebenza kahle zibe zehlisa izindleko.

Ukugcina isitshalo siphila ngamaholide

Isiqaphi siwusizo kakhulu ngqo lapho kungekho muntu egumbini. Izengezo ezintathu zisiguqula sibe yinto ephila ngesikhathi sekhefu lesikole. Okokuqala, gcina izibalo esitoreji sebhodi kanye nesikhathi ezitholakale ngaso, ukuze ikilasi likwazi ukubona okwenzekile lisekude. Okwesibili, faka iphampu encane yamanzi evulwa yisexwayiso somswakama ukuze isitshalo sizinisele sona, kube nomkhawulo oqinile wesikhathi sokusebenza kwephampu ukuze i-sensor ebambekile ingakwazi ukukhukhulisa imbiza. Okwesithathu, hlelela amandla: ugesi uyaphela ngesikhathi sokucishwa kukagesi, ngakho ibhethri elinamandla anele, noma ukulala okusebenzisa amandla amancane phakathi kwezibalo, kwenza isiqaphi siqhubeke sisebenza nangesikhathi kungekho gesi.

Lokhu kulungiselela amaholide kuyiphrojekthi efanele ikhefu lesikole ngokwalo. Ama-workshop ethu amaholide enza ukwakha okunjengalokhu kusuka ezingxenyeni ezisazodwa kuya ebhokisini eseliqediwe, okuyindlela enhle yomsebenzi owengeziwe isikhathi sesifundo esijwayelekile esingavamile ukuba naso.

Okubalulekile

Isiqaphi sesitshalo siyiphrojekthi engavamile ewusizo ngempela, eshibhile ukuyakha, futhi ecebile ngokwanele ukuthwala isayensi yangempela. Yakha iluphu yokuzwa kuqala, uphathe ukukalibhretha njengokuhlola kwesayensi njengoba kunjalo, bese umqondo wezexwayiso nebhokisi kuzilungela. Yenza isengezo samaholide bese kokubili isitshalo nesifundo kuphila ngemva kwekhefu.

Imibuzo evamile

Iyiphi i-sensor okufanele siyithenge kuqala uma imali incane?

I-sensor yomswakama womhlabathi, uhlobo lwe-capacitive. Umswakama yisona sibalo abafundi abasebenza ngaso kakhulu, esiholela ekuniseleni, futhi yiyona i-sensor edinga kakhulu isifundo sokukalibhretha. Ukukhanya nezinga lokushisa kungangezwa esifundweni esilandelayo.

Kungani isibalo somswakama sitshekula ngisho nasemhlabathini othulile?

Umsindo omncane kagesi ujwayelekile. Thola isilinganiso sezibalo eziningana ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa nomkhawulo, futhi ugcine i-probe ekujuleni okumisiwe. Uma izinombolo zishintsha kakhulu, hlola ukuxhumeka nolayini kagesi ngaphambi kokusola i-sensor.

Le phrojekthi ingeyaliphi iqembu leminyaka?

Iyaguquguquka. Amabanga aphezulu esikole samabanga aphansi angayenza ngekhodi yamabhulokhi netafula lokukalibhretha eliqondisiwe, kanti isikole samabanga aphakeme singabhala umqondo wemikhawulo sona uqobo bese sihlaziya idatha egciniwe. I-akhademi ifundisa ukwakha okufanayo emazingeni ahlukene.