Ukuba iingcambu zenkqubo ye-hydroponics yegumbi lakho lokufundela zinuka njengamanzi omgxobhozo, ziziva zityibilika phakathi kweminwe yakho, kwaye zijikile ekubeni mhlophe qhwa zaba mdaka ngokuphandle, izityalo zakho zifunyenwe kukuqhwalela kokubola kweengcambu (root rot). Phantse kuko konke ukumiswa ezikolweni, unobangela yi-Pythium—iqela le-mould yamanzi ethatha amathuba kwaye iqalise ukuhlala kwiingcambu ezicinezelekileyo xa amanzi akwitanki (reservoir) eshushu kakhulu kwaye ephelelwa yi-oksijini enyibilikileyo.

Oku akukokungaphumeleli kwabafundi bakho ekuxubeni izondlo okanye sisifo sezityalo esingaqondakaliyo. Yinkinga eqhelekileyo yefiziksi nebhayoloji ebonakala rhoqo ezikolweni zaseMzantsi Afrika phakathi ko-Oktobha noMatshi: amagumbi okufundela avaliweyo avalela ubushushu ngeempela-veki, amaqondo obushushu etanki anyuka adlule kwi-24°C, amanqanaba e-oksijini enyibilikileyo ehla kakhulu, kwaye ii-spores ebezilele zithatha ulawulo. Nantsi into eyenzekayo ngokwebhayokhemikhali, indlela yokuhlangula isivuno sakho sangoku, kunye nendlela yokuthintela ukuba kungenzeki kwakhona ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesikolo.

Ifiziksi Engunobangela: Amanzi Ashushu Awakwazi Ukubamba Umoya

Izityalo zifunxa amanzi nezondlo ngeengcambu zazo zisebenzisa uthutho olusebenzayo (active transport), inkqubo edinga amandla amaninzi efuna i-oksijini. Kumhlaba osempilweni, imingxunya yomoya ibonelela olu tshintshiselwano lwegesi. Kwitanki ye-hydroponics (nokuba yitanki ye-Deep Water Culture okanye ijelo le-Nutrient Film Technique), iingcambu kufuneka zitsale i-oksijini enyibilikiswe ngqo emanzini.

Umda wefiziksi apha ulula: amanzi abandayo agcina igesi enyibilikileyo eninzi kakhulu kunamanzi ashushu. Kumaqondo aphakathi kwe-18°C ne-20°C—eliqondo lilungele kakhulu imifuno enamagqabi efana ne-letisi nesipinatshi—amanzi agcina ngokulula malunga ne-9 ukuya kwi-10 leemiligrem ze-oksijini enyibilikileyo kwilitha nganye. Xa igumbi lokufundela laseMzantsi Afrika elingenaso isifudumezi-moya livalwa ngo-14:00 ngoLwesihlanu kwaye amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi efikelela kwi-32°C ngempela-veki, amanzi akwitanki aqhele ukunyuka adlule kwi-26°C. Kwaloo bushushu, ukuzala kwayo kwehla ngaphantsi kwe-8 mg/L, ngelixa imfuno ye-oksijini yemetabolism yazo zombini iingcambu kunye neentsholongwane eziluncedo ze-aerobic iphantse iphindaphindeke kabini.

Iingcambu ziqalisa ukufuthaniseka. Izicubu zazo ezingaphandle ziyafa kwaye zixobuke, zivelise umaleko ococekileyo onamathelayo wezinto eziphilayo. Ii-zoospores ze-Pythium, ezikhoyo kuyo yonke indawo eluthulini, emanzini etephu, nakwizixhobo ezingacocwanga ngentsholongwane, ziva ezi zinto zibolayo zikhutshwa ziingcambu, zidada zisiya kuzo, kwaye zithatha ngokukrakra izicubu ezifayo. Udaka olumdaka olutyibilikayo olubonayo yicortex yengcambu efileyo exutywe ne-mycelium yefungus.

Inkqubo Yikaxakeka: Ukuhlangula Ngamanyathelo Amathathu

Ukuba izityalo zakho ziyabuna nangona itanki izele ngamanzi, thatha inyathelo ngoko nangoko. Ukuba ngaphezu kwama-70% obunzima beengcambu sele buludaka olumanzi ngokupheleleyo, zilahle izityalo, khupha amanzi etanki, uze uqalise phantsi. Ukuba umongo wengcambu useyomelele ngokwesakhiwo, ungasindisa isivuno usebenzisa i-3% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) eqhelekileyo, efumaneka kuyo nayiphi na ikhemesti yasekuhlaleni okanye kwivenkile enkulu ngexabiso eliphakathi kwe-R15 ne-R30 ngebhotile.

1. Ukuthena ngokomzimba nokuhlamba iingcambu

Phakamisa ngononophelo iimbiza zomnatha (net pots) uzikhuphe kwinkqubo. Phantsi kwetephu ebalekayo yamanzi apholileyo, phulula iingcambu ngobunono usihla ezantsi ukuze uhlambe umaleko oxekethileyo notyibilikayo. Ungoyiki ukutsala ukhuphe loo maleko umdaka uxobukileyo; umongo omhlophe onemisonto ngaphakathi yeyona nto ufuna ukuyigcina. Usebenzisa isikere esicocekileyo esibulalelwe iintsholongwane nge-methylated spirits, nqumla iincam zeengcambu ezimnyama nezibolileyo.

2. Ibhafu yokubulala iintsholongwane nge-hydrogen peroxide

Xuba ibhafu kaxakeka e-emele ecocekileyo: sebenzisa i-5 ml ukuya kwi-10 ml ye-3% hydrogen peroxide eqhelekileyo kwilitha nganye yamanzi etephu acocekileyo naphumleleyo. Tshonisa iinkqubo zeengcambu ezithenweyo kule bhafu kangangemizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20. I-peroxide iza kuxuba nge-oksijini ii-spores ze-Pythium eziseleyo kunye nenkunkuma yeeseli, idla ngokukhupha amagwebu kancinci njengoko ikhupha ii-oxygen radicals ezikhululekileyo. Ayiyi konakalisa izicubu zeengcambu ezisaphilileyo kulo mlinganiselo oxutyiweyo.

3. Ukuseta kwakhona itanki

Ngelixa iingcambu zisafunxa, khuphela amanzi etankini yakho ngokupheleleyo. Rhula itanki, ipompo engena phantsi kwamanzi (submersible pump), kunye nemibhobho yokuhambisa ngesisombululo se-10% se-bleach yasekhaya okanye ngamanzi ashushu anesepha, xukuxa kakuhle de kungabikho vumba le-chlorine, uze ugcwalise kwakhona ngamanzi amatsha. Faka ifomula yakho eqhelekileyo yezondlo kwisiqingatha samandla kwiiyure zokuqala ezingama-48 ukunqanda ukothusa uthungelwano lweengcambu ezonakeleyo, kwaye wongeze i-2 ml ukuya kwi-3 ml ye-3% hydrogen peroxide kwilitha nganye yomthamo wetanki ukucoca naziphi na ii-spores eziseleyo kwimibhobho. I-peroxide iyabola ngokukhuselekileyo ibe ngamanzi acocekileyo kunye ne-oksijini kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-48.

Isisombululo Esiqinisekileyo: Ukungenisa Umoya Nolawulo Lobushushu

Ukuhlangula isivuno kube kanye luvavanyo; ukusoloko usihlangula rhoqo emva kweeveki ezimbini kucima umdla wabafundi. Ukuze wenze inkqubo yegumbi lakho lokufundela ikwazi ukumelana ne-Pythium, kufuneka ulungise ukungeniswa komoya nobushushu ngokusisigxina.

Yongeza i-airstone ye-aquarium

Ukuthembela kuphela kumpompo omncinci okanye kwitshizi ebuyayo evela kwipompo yakho yamanzi engaphantsi akufane kwanele xa amaqondo obushushu amanzi enyuka ngaphezu kwe-22°C. Udinga ukungeniswa komoya ngomatshini okuqhubekayo rhoqo.

Ipompo yomoya ye-aquarium esisiseko enemisele emibini (ephakathi kwe-3W ne-5W) edityaniswe nee-air stone ezimbini ze-ceramic ze-50 mm ixabisa phakathi kwe-R150 ne-R300 kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile yezilwanyana yasekhaya. Beka ii-air stone emazantsi etanki ngqo phantsi kwendawo yeengcambu. Umsinga oqhubekayo wamaqamza amancinci unyanzela i-oksijini enyibilikileyo kwisisombululo sezondlo kwaye uzamazamise umphezulu wamanzi, uthintele ukuba kwenzeke iipokotho ezingenamoya (anaerobic) ezijikeleze umnatha weengcambu.

Uvavanyo olulula: ukuba itanki yakho ibukeka njengamanzi edama adambileyo, ayinayo i-oksijini. Kufuneka ibonakale ibila ngamaqamza amancinci imini yonke yesikolo nasebusuku.

Lawula ubushushu betanki ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesikolo

Abalimi bezorhwebo basebenzisa izixhobo zokupholisa amanzi ezibizayo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-inline water chillers ezixabisa amawaka eerandi. Igumbi lokufundela lesikolo alikudingi oko. Endaweni yoko, sebenzisa ukugquma okungabiziyo okupholisa ngokwendalo:

• Gquma itanki yokugcina amanzi: Uninzi lweekhithi zesikolo lusebenzisa iitubs zokugcina ezingabonakaliyo ngokucacileyo (translucent) okanye ezimnyama. Iplastiki ebonisa kancinci ivumela ukukhanya ukuba kungene, kubangele ukukhula kwe-algae eluhlaza edla ngokondla ukubola kweengcambu; iplastiki emnyama ifunxa ubushushu begumbi lokufundela. Gquma iindonga zesikhongozeli nesiciko ngesigqumathelo se-bubble-wrap esine-foil ebonakalisayo (efumaneka ngemitha kubathengisi bezixhobo zokwakha) okanye ubeke itanki ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yekhadibhodi enombala okhanyayo efakwe i-styrofoam ngaphakathi.
• Yigcine kude nemigangatho efudumeleyo: Ehlotyeni, iisamente zomgangatho ongentla zigcina ubushushu obuninzi kakhulu. Phakamisela itanki yakho kumaplanga amadala okanye kwipalethi yamaplanga ukuze umoya ojikelezileyo ujikeleze ngaphantsi.
• Iqhinga lebhotile ye-2-litre ekhenkcezisiweyo: Ngeentsuku ekuxelwe ukuba ziza kudlula kwi-30°C, yenza abafundi badadavise ibhotile ye-2-litre ecocekileyo nekhenkcezisiweyo yamanzi etankini kusasa. Ihla kancinci amaqondo obushushu amanzi nge-2°C ukuya kwi-4°C ngeyona yure zine zishushu zosuku lwesikolo ngaphandle kokunciphisa umlinganiselo we-EC wezondlo zakho. Yitshintshe ngenye ibhotile evela kwisikhenkcisi segumbi lootitshala emini emaqanda ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukuba uceba igadi yokutya yesikolo ebanzi okanye iprojekthi yekharityhulam apho ukubeka esweni imo engqongileyo ngokuzenzekelayo kubalulekile, iinkqubo zethu ze-hydroponics kunye neekhithi zolimo olukrelekrele zihlanganisa izivamvo zedijithali zamaqondo obushushu ezingabizi kakhulu kunye neeswitshi zomgangatho wamanzi ukuze abafundi bakwazi ukurekhoda iimeko zetanki ngokuzenzekelayo phambi kokuba iingcambu zonakale.

Ukujika Ukungaphumeleli Kube Sisifundo Senzululwazi

Ukuvela kokubola kweengcambu akufuneki kuthathwe njengentlekele egumbini lokufundela. Luphando olukhethekileyo lwehlabathi lokwenene kubafundi beSigaba esiPhezulu (Senior Phase) kwiiNzululwazi zeNdalo (Natural Sciences) kunye neeNzululwazi zoBomi (Life Sciences). Yenza iklasi yakho isebenzise itshathi esisiseko ye-oksijini enyibilikileyo, ilandelele ubushushu betanki kumjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 kusetyenziswa isivavanyi esilula esingena phantsi kwamanzi, kwaye ithelekise iingcambu ezikhuliswe ngamaqamza asebenzayo ngokuchasene netanki yolawulo engenayo ipompo yomoya.

Kamsinya nje ukuba abafundi baqonde ukuba iingcambu kufuneka ziphefumle kanye njengokuba amagqabi kufuneka enze ifotosinthesis (photosynthesise), ukulawula ubushushu bamanzi nokuhamba komoya kuyayeka ukuba ngumsebenzi odinisayo kwaye kuxatyiswe njengomthetho oqondakalayo webhayoloji yezolimo.