Amanani amabini agqiba ukuba iprojekthi yokutyala ngaphandle komhlaba iyaphumelela na okanye iyaphelelwa ngamandla ngokuzolileyo: i-pH ne-EC. I-pH ikuxelela ukuba isisombululo sezondlo si-asidi okanye si-alkhali kangakanani; i-EC ikuxelela ukuba zingakanani izondlo ezinyibilikileyo ezikhoyo emanzini ngokwenene. Ingxaki kukuba iimitha ezifunda loo manani ziyatyibilika ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngoko usiba olubonakala luchanekile lunokuphosisa luzithembile. Esi sikhokelo sichaza ukuba athetha ntoni loo manani, kutheni ebhadula, kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa utitshala oxakekileyo anokuyigcina ngokwenene.

Yintoni ngokwenene elinganiswa yi-pH

I-pH isuka ku-0 iye ku-14, apho u-7 ephakathi. Ngaphantsi kuka-7 yi-asidi, ngaphezu kuka-7 yi-alkhali. Sisikali se-logarithm, ngoko inani ngalinye elipheleleyo lutshintsho oluphindwe kalishumi: isisombululo esiku-pH 5 si-asidi amaxesha alishumi ngaphezu kwesiku-pH 6, ngoko ukutyibilika okuncinci kubaluleke ngaphezu kokuba amanani odwa ebonisa.

Izityalo ziyakhathala kuba i-pH ilawula ukuba zeziphi izondlo iingcambu zazo ezinokuzifunxa. Uninzi lwezityalo ezikhula ngaphandle komhlaba luhlala kwithuba elimxinwa, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-pH 5.5 ukuya ku-6.5. Ukuba iyatyibilika iye phezulu kakhulu, izinto ezinjengentsimbi ziyavaleleka ngaphandle nangona zinyibilikile emanzini, into ebonakala ngamagqabi amatsha atyheli-mhlophe. Isisombululo asinqongophele izondlo; isityalo nje asikwazi ukufikelela kuzo.

Into ekuxelela yona i-EC, kunye nomgibe we-ppm

I-EC imele ukuqhutywa kombane, i-electrical conductivity. Amanzi acocekileyo awuqhubi nca umbane, kwaye iityuwa zeminerali ezinyibilikileyo zenza ukuba awuqhube ngakumbi, ngoko i-EC ingumlinganiselo wokuba somelele kangakanani isondlo sakho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ixelwa nge-millisiemens ngesentimitha (mS/cm) okanye nge-microsiemens ngesentimitha (µS/cm).

Nantsi indawo apho amagumbi okufundela abhaqwa khona. Iimitha ezininzi ezitshiphu zibonisa i-ppm okanye i-TDS endaweni ye-EC ngokuphinda-phinda i-EC ngenani lokuguqula, kwaye linye kunaphezulu inani elisetyenziswayo (u-500 no-700 bobabini bayabonakala). Iimitha ezimbini ezisekomityini enye zinokwahluka ngamakhulu e-ppm zize zibe zichanekile zombini ngokwenani lazo. Apho unako, sebenza nge-EC (mS/cm) uze uphawule ukuba yiyiphi iyunithi esetyenziswa yimitha yakho. Umgaqo uthi, izithole zifuna isisombululo esibuthathaka logama izityalo ezikhulileyo ezithelayo zifuna esinamandla.

Inyaniso ngokutyibilika

Iimitha aziphuki ngesandi. Ziyatyibilika. Iprobhu ye-pH liqhosha leglasi elicekethekileyo elinendawo yokudibanisa yereferensi, kwaye zombini ziyaguga. Iglasi iyoma ukuba igcinwe kakubi kwaye indawo yokudibanisa iyavaleka kancinci, ngoko isifundo siyabhadula nokuba isisombululo asitshintshanga. Iiprobhu ze-EC ziyangcola njengoko ulwelwesi lweminerali lwakheka kwii-electrode. Nobushushu buyabaluleka: i-EC iyenyuka nokufudumala, ngoko imitha engenayo indlela ezenzekelayo yokulungelelanisa ubushushu (i-ATC) iya kufunda ngokwahlukileyo ngentsasa ebandayo yasebusika kunangemva kwemini efudumeleyo.

I-load shedding yongeza inkathazo yasekhaya. Xa impompo isima, isisombululo sihlala sizolile size sifudumale okanye sahlukane ngamanqanaba, ngoko phinda ujonge i-EC xa umbane nokujikeleza kubuyile, endaweni yokuthemba isifundo sangaphambi kokucinywa kombane.

Ukugcina iimitha zinyanisekile

Imikhwa emithathu igcina imitha yeklasi ithembekile: linganisa ngeshedyuli, sebenzisa ulwelo olutsha, uze ugcine indlela etshiphu yokuqinisekisa isekufuphi.

Inkqubo yokulinganisa onokuyigcina

Ukulinganisa kukufundisa nje imitha ukuba abonakala njani amanani aziwayo. Kwenze ngeshedyuli, hayi kuphela xa isifundo sibonakala singaqhelekanga. Kwiseti yeklasi esebenzayo, kanye ngeveki ngumkhwa osengqiqweni, kunye nokujonga ngokukhawuleza phambi kwaso nasiphi na isigqibo esikhulu esinjengokongeza izondlo.

1. Hlambulula iprobhu ngamanzi acocekileyo okanye e-RO phakathi kwaso nasiphi na isisombululo. Cima incam ngethishu ecocekileyo; ungaze ulisule iqhosha leglasi, kuba oko kunokuliphrakaza okanye kwakhe umbane ozinzileyo.
2. Kwi-pH, yenza ukulinganisa kwamanqanaba amabini: qala nge-buffer ye-pH 7.00, uze ulandele ngenqanaba lesibini elikufuphi nomlinganiselo osebenza kuwo (i-pH 4.00 kwizondlo ezine-asidi). Yeka inani lizinze phambi kokuba ulamkele.
3. Kwi-EC, linganisa ngokuchasene nesisombululo esisemgangathweni (u-1413 µS/cm ngoyena udla ngokusetyenziswa) njengenqanaba elinye.
4. Gcina iprobhu ye-pH imanzi kwisisombululo sayo sokugcina, isivalo sivaliwe. Ungaze uyigcine yomile, kwaye ungaze uyigcine emanzini acocekileyo, kuba ahluba iqhosha.
5. Bhala umhla kwincwadi yerekhodi ngalo lonke ixesha ulinganisa, ukuze iklasi ibone ukuba ityibilika ngokukhawuleza kangakanani loo mitha.

Ubomi be-buffer nesisombululo eshelufini

Owona monakalo uthule kule nkqubo iphela lulwelo lokulinganisa oludala. Iipakethana ze-buffer ezitywiniweyo zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zinomhla wokuphelelwa oshicilelweyo. Xa ibhotile ivuliwe, okanye xa sele uthulule i-buffer ekomityini, yiphathe njengesetyenziswa kanye: yigalele, ulinganise, uze uyilahle. Musa ukuphinda ufake iprobhu ebhotileni yovimba, kuba oko kungcolisa ibhetshi iphela. Gcina ii-buffer kwindawo epholileyo nemnyama, kwaye kwiklasi iipakethana ezincinci zokusetyenziswa kanye zilawuleka lula kunebhotile enye enkulu ekutshonwa kuyo ngumntu wonke. Ukulinganisa ngokuchasene ne-buffer endala kufundisa imitha impendulo engeyiyo, ngoko ifunda izithembile kodwa iphosisile.

Amathontsi ngokuchasene neepeni: yeyiphi omele uyithembe nini

Ikhithi yovavanyo lwe-pH oluluwelo, olo hlobo lokongeza amathontsi uze uthelekise umbala, itshiphu, iqinile kwaye ayifuni kulinganiswa. Ayizukulingana nepeni elilungileyo ekuchanekeni, kwaye ukufunda umbala kuxhomekeka kumntu, kodwa yenza isixhobo esihle sokuqinisekisa. Xa ipeni ikunika isifundo ongasithembiyo, uvavanyo lwamathontsi lukuxelela ngokukhawuleza ukuba ingxaki ikwipeni okanye kwisisombululo. I-EC ayinalo elinye ikhithi yamathontsi etshiphu, ngoko ukwazi amandla kufuneka ube nemitha. Ekusebenzeni, sebenzisa ipeni ukuze ufumane inani osebenza ngalo uze ugcine i-reagent ye-pH ukuze uqinisekise xa ipeni ibonakala ingathembekanga.

Yenza ukurekhoda kube sisifundo

Ukujonga i-pH ne-EC kukugcina izinto zisebenza, kodwa ukukurekhoda kukwazi ukusebenza nedatha. Yenza abafundi barekhode i-pH, i-EC nobushushu besisombululo ngexesha elinye yonke imihla, baze bazobe umkhondo bewuthelekisa nendlela izityalo ezikhangeleka ngayo. Iipateni zivela ngokukhawuleza: i-EC inyuka njengoko amanzi ephela ngokuphunga, okanye amagqabi atyheli emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa ze-pH ephezulu. Leyo yidatha yokwenene iklasi eziqokelele ngokwayo.

Abafundi abadala banokwenza izifundo zizenzekele. Ibhodi ye-sheenbot∞ inokuthatha okuvela kwisensa ize ikurekhode ngeshedyuli, into eguqula lo msebenzi wemihla ngemihla ube yiprojekthi encinci yokukhowuda kwaye ikhulule iklasi ukuba ihlalutye endaweni yokukopa. Ukuba ungathanda ukuyibona usenza, ngeeholide zesikolo zikaJulayi ezizayo i-academy yethu yaseKapa iqhuba iiworkshop zeeholide apho abafundi bakha balinganise, kwaye iklasi yovavanyo yindlela engabophi kakhulu yokuqala uyizame.

Isifundo esiphambili

I-pH ne-EC ziimbono ezilula ezisongelwe kwizixhobo ezimbaxa. Amanani ngokwawo alula: i-pH yi-asidi, i-EC ngamandla. Umsebenzi kukugcina iimitha zinyanisekile ngokulinganisa kwiveki nganye, nge-buffer entsha, ngokugcinwa okuchanekileyo nangencwadi yerekhodi ebhaliweyo. Yenza oko, izifundo zibe yinto onokuthatha amanyathelo ngayo endaweni yokuzithandabuza. Ukuze ufumane ezinye izikhokelo zokutyala nezeesensa zeklasi, khangela ezinye zeeposti zethu.

Ndimele ndiyilinganise kangaphi imitha ye-pH yesikolo?

Kwiseti abafundi abayisebenzisa phantse yonke imihla, kanye ngeveki ngumgangatho olungileyo, kunye nokujonga ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba elinye phambi kwalo naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu lwezondlo. Ukuba imitha ihleli ingasetyenziswanga iiveki ezimbalwa, yilinganise phambi kokuba uphinde uyithembe.

Kutheni iimitha zam ezimbini zibonisa amanani e-EC okanye e-ppm ahlukileyo?

Phantse rhoqo kungenxa yokuba zisebenzisa amanani okuguqula ahlukileyo phakathi kwe-EC ne-ppm/TDS (ngokuqhelekileyo u-500 ngokuchasene no-700), okanye enye ibonisa i-EC logama enye ibonisa i-ppm. Sebenza nge-EC (mS/cm) apho kunokwenzeka uze uphawule iyunithi yemitha nganye ukuze izifundo zihlale zithelekiseka ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ndingayigcina iprobhu ye-pH emanzini asempompeni okanye acocekileyo?

Hayi. Amanzi acocekileyo ahluba ii-ayoni kwiqhosha leglasi aze anciphise ubomi balo, kwaye amanzi asempompeni ayaliyingcolisa. Gcina iprobhu kwisisombululo sokugcina esifanelekileyo, isivalo sivaliwe. Xa uxinezelelekile, i-buffer ye-pH 4.00 ingcono kunamanzi, kodwa asiyondlela yokuyigcina ixesha elide.