Iyintoni i-MQTT, kwaye kutheni sonke isifundo se-IoT esikolweni ngequbuliso sifuna i-broker?
I-MQTT yiprothokholi elula yokuthumela imiyalezo evumela ii-microcontroller zeklasi ukuba zabelane ngedatha ngaphandle konxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwezixhobo. Ngokudlulisa yonke idatha kumlawuli ophakathi obizwa ngokuba yi-broker, ijikela ii-firewall ezithintelayo zezikolo yaye ithintela izixhobo ekubeni ziwe ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwenethiwekhi.
Ukuba kutshanje uye wajonga isilabhasi yoKukhowuda neeRobhothi ehambelana ne-CAPS, okanye wazama ukuyila iprakhtikhali ye-Internet of Things (IoT) yeklasi yakho, mhlawumbi udibene neshunqulelo elithi MQTT nemfuneko ye-"MQTT broker". Kutitshala we-IT okanye kumququzeleli wetekhnoloji oxakekileyo, oku kunokuvakala ngathi bubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Kutheni i-microcontroller, njenge-ESP32 okanye i-Raspberry Pi Pico W, ingakwazi nje ukuthumela idatha yayo ye-sensor ngqo kwilaptop okanye kwifowuni yomfundi kwinethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi yalapha?
Impendulo emfutshane kukuba unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwesixhobo nesixhobo lubuthathaka, lutya izixhobo zekhompyutha, kwaye phantse aluhambelani konke konke nokhuseleko lwenethiwekhi yesikolo. I-MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) iyasombulula oku ngokwahlula umthumeli wedatha kumamkeli, ithumele yonke imiyalezo ngomlawuli ophakathi obizwa ngokuba yi-broker. Ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo kushishino lwe-IoT yemizi-mveliso, kwaye uya usiba yimfuneko ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yekhompyutha edibene nezixhobo eziphathekayo eklasini.
Ibhodi yezaziso yeklasi: ukuqonda i-Pub/Sub
Ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni i-MQTT isebenza, khawucinge ngeklasi enabafundi abangama-40. Ukuba wonke umfundi obefuna ukwazi ubushushu bangaphandle bangoku bekufuneka ahambe aye kulo mfundi mnye uhleli ecaleni kwefestile ambuze athi, "Bungakanani ubushushu?", loo mfundi ohleli ngasefestileni ubeya kuchitha isifundo siphela ephendula imibuzo ephindwa-phindwayo endaweni yokwenza owakhe umsebenzi. Ukuba abanye abafundi abalishumi bebefuna ukwazi ukuba ikhefu elilandelayo linini, bebeya kunyanzeleka baphazamise utitshala ngokuthe ngqo.
Ngoku, faka ibhodi yezaziso kwipaseji. Umfundi ohleli ngasefestileni ubhala athi "Ubushushu: 22°C" kwiphetshana elincamathelayo aze alincamathisele phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Imozulu". Utitshala uncamathisela ithi "Ikhefu elilandelayo: 10:30" phantsi kwesithi "Ucwangciso". Nabani na ofuna ukwazi ubushushu okanye ixesha lekhefu uhamba nje aye ebhodini afunde. Umfundi ohleli ngasefestileni akazi kwaye akakhathali ukuba ngubani ofunda ubushushu; upapasha nje uhlaziyo. Abafundi bebhodi abadingi kuphazamisa umfundi ohleli ngasefestileni.
Le yindlela ye-Publish/Subscribe (Pub/Sub) esetyenziswa yi-MQTT:
- Umpapashi: I-microcontroller ene-sensor (umfundi ohleli ngasefestileni) ethumela idatha kwi-broker.
- Umbhalisi: Ideshbhodi, i-app yefowuni, okanye idathabhesi (abafundi abafunda ibhodi) efuna ukufumana loo datha.
- I-Broker: Iseva ephakathi (ibhodi yezaziso) efumana imiyalezo evela kubapapashi ize iyithumele kubabhalisi abachanekileyo.
Umongo wobuchwepheshe: izihloko, imiyalezo egciniweyo, nemiyolelo yokugqibela
I-MQTT ixhomekeke kwiingcamango ezintathu eziphambili ukuze unxibelelwano lusebenze kakuhle kwaye luthembeke, nokuba unxibelelwano olungenazintambo lubuthathaka.
1. Izihloko: Imiyalezo ayithunyelwa kwizixhobo ezithile; ipapashelwa "izihloko". Izihloko zakhiwe ngemigca ethe tyaba, kwakheke amanqanaba afana ne-school/lab1/temp okanye home/garden/moisture. Isixhobo sinokubhalisela isihloko esithile kanye, okanye sisebenzise iimpawu ezimela nantoni na ukuze siphulaphule izihloko ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Umzekelo, ukubhalisela school/+/temp kuvumela ideshbhodi enye ukuba ibonise amanani obushushu avela kuyo yonke ilabhoratri ekhampasini.
2. Imiyalezo egciniweyo: Ngesiqhelo, ukuba i-sensor ipapasha inani kwaye kungekho mntu ubhalisele kanye kuloo mzuzwana omncinci, umyalezo ulahleka ngonaphakade. Ukuba umfundi uvula i-app yakhe yedeshbhodi emva kwemizuzu emihlanu, ubona isikrini esingenanto de i-sensor iphinde ithumele. Ngokuvula uphawu "lokugcina" kumyalezo, umpapashi uxelela i-broker ukuba: "Ligcine eli xabiso lokugqibela. Kwixesha elizayo xa nabani na ebhalisela esi sihloko, mnike eli xabiso kwangoko." Oku kubalulekile kwidatha etshintsha kancinci, njengomswakama womhlaba okanye amanqanaba amanzi kwiitanki.
3. Umyolelo wokuGqibela (LWT): Ii-microcontroller ezikwiiklasi zaseMzantsi Afrika zijamelana nokuqhawuka okurhoqo nokungalindelekanga konxibelelwano ngenxa yocimicimi, iibhetri eziphelileyo, okanye abafundi abatsala iintambo zombane ngempazamo. Xa isixhobo siqala ukuqhagamshelana ne-broker, sibhalisa umyalezo "woMyolelo wokuGqibela" (umzekelo, isihloko: status/sensor1, umyalezo: offline). Ukuba isixhobo siphelelwa ngumbane ngequbuliso singathumelanga umqondiso ocacileyo wokuqhawula, i-broker iyakubona ukuqhawuka konxibelelwano ize ipapashe ngokuzenzekelayo umyalezo "woMyolelo wokuGqibela" egameni laso, yazise yonke enye inkqubo ukuba isixhobo asikho kwi-intanethi.
Izinto ezintathu ezingahambi kakuhle kwinethiwekhi yesikolo
Nangona i-MQTT iqinile, ukuyisebenzisa kwindawo yemfundo kufuna ukujongana neemeko zokwenene zeziseko ze-IT zesikolo. Zintathu iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokungasebenzi ezithi rhoqo ziphazamise izifundo zeklasi:
Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo zenethiwekhi yesikolo
| Uphawu lwenethiwekhi | Kutheni lukho | Indlela oluwaphula ngayo isifundo se-IoT |
|---|---|---|
| Ukhuseleko lwe-WPA2-Enterprise | Lukhusela iinethiwekhi zezikolo ngokufuna amagama omsebenzisi neepasiwedi zomfundi ngamnye. | Ii-microcontroller eziqhelekileyo (njengeetship ezisisiseko ze-ESP8266) azikwazi ukuhambelana lula neeprothokholi zokhuseleko ze-Enterprise zisandul' ukukhutshwa ebhokisini, nto leyo ezithintela ekubeni zingene kwi-Wi-Fi. |
| Ukwahlulwa kwe-Access Point (AP) | Kuthintela abafundi ekubeni bagqekeze okanye bangene kwiilaptop zabanye kwi-Wi-Fi yalapha. | Kuvala ukuhamba kwedatha ethe ngqo phakathi kwezixhobo. Ukuba uqhuba i-broker ye-MQTT kwi-Raspberry Pi eklasini, izixhobo zabafundi ezikwi-Wi-Fi enye ziya kuvinjelwa ukuyifikelela. |
| Ukutshintshatshintsha kweedilesi ze-IP (DHCP) | Kuphinda kusebenzise iidilesi ze-IP ukuthintela i-router yesikolo ekubeni iphelelwe ziidilesi. | Ukuba uyayiqhuba i-broker yalapha kwilaptop, idilesi yayo ye-IP iya kutshintsha rhoqo. Nayiphi na ikhowudi ye-microcontroller enedilesi ye-IP ebhalwe ngokusisigxina ayizukukwazi ukuqhagamshela ngosuku olulandelayo. |
Ukuze bajikele ezi zithintelo zenethiwekhi yalapha, ootitshala badla ngokunyanzeleka bakhethe phakathi kokulwa nesebe labo le-IT ngeenguqu ezizodwa ze-router, okanye ukudlulisa ukuhamba kwedatha yabo nge-broker yangaphandle esemafini efikeleleka ngeepowuti eziqhelekileyo zewebhu. Kootitshala abafuna isisombululo esilula, esikulungeleyo iklasi, esizijikelayo ngokupheleleyo ezi ntloko-buhlungu zenethiwekhi yalapha, iqonga le-Sheen IoT linikeza indawo ye-MQTT esele ilungisiwe, esemafini, eyilelwe ngokukodwa ukusebenza phakathi kwezithintelo zee-firewall zezikolo.
Ngokususa umthwalo wokuthumela imiyalezo kwii-microcontroller uwubeke kwi-broker ezinikeleyo, i-MQTT iqinisekisa ukuba nokuba ikhowudi yomfundi ayilungiselelwanga kakuhle okanye i-Wi-Fi yesikolo iyehla, izixhobo ze-IoT zeklasi zinokunxibelelana ngokuthembekileyo nangokukhuselekileyo.
