Ungayibeka Na iHydroponics Yaseklasini Ngasefestileni, Okanye Udinga Izibane Zokukhulisa Izityalo?
Iifestile zezikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika zinciphisa ukukhanya okusebenzisekayo kwezityalo ngaphezu kwama-60% ngenxa yeengqoqo (eaves) zeglasi ekhusela kwi-UV. Ukuze izityalo zikhule kakuhle ngokuthembekileyo, izibane ezikhethekileyo ze-LED zokukhulisa izityalo zibalulekile.
Phantse kuwo onke amagumbi okufundela aseMzantsi Afrika, ukubeka inkqubo ye-hydroponics ecaleni kwefestile enelanga kukhokelela kwizithole ezibhityileyo nezinde, ezingenambala olungileyo neziwayo ngaphambi kokuba zivunwe. Nangona igumbi lokufundela linokubonakala liqaqambile emehlweni abantu, ubunyani bezakhiwo zezikolo—iingqoqo ezinde zekhonkrithi (eaves), iglasi ekhuselweyo nge-UV, iglasi ekhusela ilanga (tinted solar glass), kunye nokuhla ngokukhawuleza kokukhanya—kuzibulala ngendlala izityalo ngokuzibandeza amandla eziwadingayo. Ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-hydroponics ethembekileyo eklasini, udinga izibane ezikhethekileyo zokukhulisa izityalo (grow lights).
Iliso Lomntu Xa Lithelekiswa Nebhayoloji Yezityalo
Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba ootitshala balindele ukuba ifestile isebenze kukuba amehlo abantu azilungelelanisa ngokwawo kumanqanaba okukhanya atshintshayo. Iintshongolelo zamehlo ethu ziyavuleka ukwenza igumbi eline-500 lux libonakale licace gca kwaye kulula ukufunda kulo. Ifotosinthesisi (photosynthesis) ayisebenzi ngokwendlela esibona ngayo; isebenza ngenani lee-photon eziphuma ekukhanyeni.
Izityalo zidinga i-Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)—ii-photon ezikuluhlu lobude bamaza (wavelength) obuphakathi kwe-400 ukuya kwi-700 le-nanometre. Umlinganiselo opheleleyo woku kukhanya kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-24 yi-Daily Light Integral (DLI), ebhalwa ngokwee-moles zee-photon kwisikwere semitha ngosuku (mol/m²/d).
- Imifuno enamagqabi kunye nemifuno yokupheka (herbs) (ilethisi, ibhasili, ispinatshi, iminti) ifuna ubuncinane be-DLI obuyi-12 ukuya kwi-16 mol/m²/d ukuze ikhule amagqabi aqinileyo, akrwempekayo kumjikelo ovunwayo oqhelekileyo weentsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-40.
- Izityalo ezivelisa iziqhamo (iitumato, iitsheli, iistrawberry) zidinga i-20 ukuya kwi-30 mol/m²/d ukuze zidubule iintyatyambo zize zivelise iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo.
- Umphetho wefestile oqhelekileyo eklasini eMzantsi Afrika udla ngokunika kuphela i-3 ukuya kwi-6 mol/m²/d ngosuku oluqhelekileyo lwesikolo xa kubalwa imiqobo yezakhiwo.
Kutheni Iifestile Zezikolo ZaseMzantsi Afrika Zithintela i-PAR Ebenzisekayo
Izakhiwo zezikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika zenzelwe ngabom ukugxotha ubushushu belanga obungena ngaphakathi. Izakhiwo ezigcina igumbi lokufundela liphole kwaye lihlala kamnandi ngoFebruwari zezona zithintela ukukhula kwezityalo:
- Iingqoqo Ezinde Nezithunzi Zophahla (Eaves): Uyilo oluqhelekileyo lwezikolo lunamaphiko ekhonkrithi okanye iiveranda ezinde eziphuma nge-1 ukuya kwi-2 leemitha ngaphandle. Ezi zithintela ngokupheleleyo ukukhanya kwelanga langasemini (xa amaxabiso e-PAR ngaphandle efikelela kwi-1,500–2,000 µmol/m²/s) kwaye zivumela kuphela ukukhanya okukwikona ephantsi ekuseni kakhulu okanye emva kwemini.
- Iglasi Ekhuselweyo Nekhusela Ilanga (Laminated & Tinted Glass): Iiglasi eziqhelekileyo zezikolo (kunye neefilimu zokhuseleko ezongeziweyo) zihlaziya imitha ye-UV kunye nenxalenye enkulu ye-spectrum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nebomvu ukunciphisa ukukhanya okuqaqambe kakhulu nobushushu, zinciphise i-PAR engena egumbini ngama-40% ukuya kuma-70% ngaphambi kokuba ukukhanya kungene egumbini.
- Umthetho We-Inverse Square (The Inverse Square Law): Ubukhulu bokukhanya buhla ngokukhawuleza ngokomgama ukusuka eglasini. Ishelufu ye-hydroponics ekumgama oziisentimitha ezingama-60 kuphela ukusuka efestileni ifumana ngaphantsi kwesinye esithathwini sokukhanya okubetha kwiglasi uqobo. Isiqingatha esingasemva se-rack sihlala ebumnyameni obupheleleyo.
- Ukwalathisa Kwefestile (Directional Orientation): Zifestile ezijonge ngqo eMntla ezingenamthunzi kuphela ezinika ukukhanya okuthe ngqo okubonakalayo ngexesha lekota yesikolo. Iifestile ezijonge eMzantsi zizisa ukukhanya okusasazekileyo okungafane kudlule kuma-50 µmol/m²/s—okungonelanga kwaukugcina izityalo eziphilileyo ziphila, kungasathethwa ke ngokukhulisa izicubu ezintsha.
Kwenzeka Ntoni Xa Kungekho Zibane Zenziweyo
Xa izithole zingafumani ubuncinane be-DLI obufunekayo, ziba nomkhwa obizwa ngokuba yi-etiolation (ukutyhafa nokolulwa kukufuna ukukhanya). Iziqu zoluleka ngokukhawuleza zisingise efestileni, iindonga zeeseli zibhitye, kwaye isityalo sisilele ekuveliseni i-chlorophyll eyoneleyo. Kwinkqubo esekelwe emanzini apho amanzi ne-nitrogen zifumaneka lula, oku kudala izityalo ezinzima ngaphezulu, ezingaqinanga nezaphukayo phantsi kobunzima bazo okanye zibole kwingcambu engentla (root collar).
| Uhlobo Lwesityalo | Ubuncinane be-DLI Yosuku | I-PPFD Ekujoliswe Kuyo (yosuku lweeyure ezili-14) | Isiphumo Ecaleni Kwefestile Yesikolo Eqhelekileyo |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-Loose-leaf Lettuce | 12 mol/m²/d | 240 µmol/m²/s | Iziqu ezinde kakhulu, incasa ekrakra, ukuvuna kulibaziseka ngaphaya kweentsuku ezingama-70. |
| Ibhasili (Basil) | 14 mol/m²/d | 280 µmol/m²/s | Amagqabi aluthuthu, iziqu ezinde nezingaqinanga, isifo sokubola ngokukhawuleza kwezithole (damping-off). |
| I-Bok Choy | 14 mol/m²/d | 280 µmol/m²/s | Ukudubula iintyatyambo ngaphambi kwexesha (bolting) ngaphandle kokwenza iziqu eziqinileyo. |
| Iitumato Ezimfutshane (Dwarf Tomatoes) | 22 mol/m²/d | 440 µmol/m²/s | Iintyatyambo ziyawa ngaphambi kokusasaza umgubo (pollination); akukho ziqhamo zivelayo. |
Ubunyani Bombane: Ukulinganisa Ubungakanani Bezibane Zeelabhu Zezikolo
Ukutshintsha ukukhanya kwefestile okungathembekanga akudingi zixhobo zombane zexabiso eliphezulu ze-voltage enkulu zoshishino. Izibane zanamhlanje ze-LED ze-spectrum epheleleyo ezenzelwe ezolimo lwezityalo (horticulture) zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwaye zisebenzisa i-wattage ephantsi.
Kwishelufu ethe nkqo eqhelekileyo okanye i-rack yaseklasini, cwangcisa i-80 ukuya kwi-120 leewatts zezibane ze-LED ezisebenza kakhulu kwisikwere semitha ngasinye sesityalo. Ukusebenzisa izibane ezinomxube ophezulu wokukhanya kwe-450 nm (blue) kunye ne-660 nm (deep red), kunye nokukhanya okumhlophe okuphangaleleyo (4000K–5000K), kuvumela abafundi ukuba bahlole impilo yezityalo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokubona ngelixa bezinika ii-photon ezichanekileyo ezifunekayo kulwakhiwo lweeseli ezixineneyo.
Ukuba wakha okanye umisela iinkqubo ezizisebenzelayo, jonga ii-rack ezihambelanayo kunye neenkqubo ezidityaniswe nezivamvo (sensors) kwi-qokelelo lethu le-hydroponics, ezidibanisa izibane ze-LED ze-spectrum epheleleyo nolawulo oluzenzekelayo lwexesha lokukhanya (photoperiod).
Ukulawula U-Load-Shedding Kunye Namaxesha Okukhanya (Photoperiods)
Inkxalabo exhaphakileyo evela kubaphathi bezikolo kukusetyenziswa kombane kunye nokucima kombane (load-shedding). Ngethamsanqa, imifuno enamagqabi iphendula kuqokelelo lulonke lwee-photon ngosuku, ingekuko ukukhanya okungaphazamisekiyo tu.
- Ixesha Lokukhanya (Photoperiod): Misela i-timer yakho ye-LED kwi-14 ukuya kwi-16 leeyure ngosuku (umzekelo, ukusuka ngo-05:00 ukuya ku-20:00).
- Ukunqunyulwa Kombane: Ukuba umbane uyacima iiyure ezimbini emini, inkqubo ilahlekelwa kuphela ziiyure ezimbini zoqokelelo lokukhanya. Isityalo esikwi-timer yeeyure ezili-14 sinokumelana nokucinywa kombane okwenzeka amaxesha ngamaxesha ngaphandle kokungena ebuthongweni (dormancy), ukuba nje i-DLI yeeveki zonke ihlala ingaphezulu komlinganiselo osisiseko.
- Iindleko Zombane: Isibane se-LED se-100W esisebenza iiyure ezili-14 ngosuku sisebenzisa i-1.4 kWh ngosuku—malunga ne-R4.00 ukuya kwi-R5.50 ngosuku kuxhomekeke kwimirhumo kamasipala.
Kootitshala abafuna iinkqubo ezipheleleyo zamaleko ngamaleko zokuvelisa ukutya ezineendawo zombane, izibane, kunye nokubeka iliso kwimeko-bume, izisombululo zethu zolimo oluthe nkqo (vertical farming) ezilungiselelwe oku zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zobunjineli ezifunekayo ukumisa izixhobo zezolimo ezithembekileyo nezivelisa kakhulu kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika.
